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SalamandersAmbystoma Tschudi, 1838 MOLE SALAMANDERS NL anabystoma to cram into the mouth — unknown reference Agassiz proposed in 1844 that Ambystoma might be a "lapsus calami" for Amblystoma (Gr. amblys blunt/ stoma mouth). The word part "amblys" was also used very early for marine iguanas and cited by Darwin. OD Ambystoma Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 92 Ambystoma annulatum (Cope, 1886) Ringed Salamander L. annulatum furnished w/rings — ref. ringed pattern on dorsum OD Ambystoma annulatum (Cope, 1886) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 525 Ambystoma barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989 Streamside Salamander NL honors Thomas Barbour OD Ambystoma barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989 - Copeia, p. 95 Ambystoma californiense (Gray, 1853) California Tiger Salamander NL belonging to the state of California — ref. state of occurrence OD Ambystoma californiense (Gray, 1853) - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. 21, p. 11, pl. 7 Ambystoma cingulatum (Cope, 1868) Flatwoods Salamander L. cingulatum belted, girdled — ref. reticulated dorsal pattern OD Ambystoma cingulatum (Cope, "1867" 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, p. 205 Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859) Northwestern Salamander L. gracile slender, delicate — ref. form OD Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859) - Pacific R. R. Report, Vol. 10, Williamson's Route, Pt. 4, No. 4, p. 13, pl. 44, fig. 2 Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Cope, 1886 [:x] *TRANS* OD Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 522 Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827) Jefferson Salamander NL honors Jefferson College, PA OD Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1 Ambystoma laterale Hallowell, 1856 Blue-spotted Salamander L. laterale pertaining to the side — ref. blue spots on side OD Ambystoma laterale Hallowell, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 6 Ambystoma mabeei Bishop, 1928 Mabee's Salamander NL honors William Bruce Mabee OD Ambystoma mabeei Bishop, 1928 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 43, No. 3-4, p. 157 Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 Long-toed Salamander Gr. makros long and Gr. daktylos toe — ref. relatively long toes OD Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 292 Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum Ferguson, 1961 Eastern Long-toed Salamander NL belonging to the Columbia River — ref. found in Columbia River drainage, OR, 1956 OD Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum Ferguson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 65, p. 313 Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Russell and Anderson, 1956 Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander L. croceum saffron colored (adj.) — ref. dull orange dorsal stripe OD Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Russell and Anderson, 1956 - Herpetologica, Vol. 12, p. 137 Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei (Peters, 1882) Northern Long-toed Salamander NL honors Karl C.F. Krause OD Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei (Peters, 1882) - Gesell. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, Vol. 10, 1882, p. 145 Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum Baird, 1849 Western Long-toed Salamander Gr. makros long and Gr. daktylos toe — ref. relatively long toes OD Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 292 Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum Ferguson, 1961 Southern Long-toed Salamander L. sigillatum adorned with images or figures — ref. color pattern OD Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum Ferguson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 65, 1961, p. 316 Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802) Spotted Salamander L. maculatum spotted — ref. dorsal spotting OD Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802) - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, Pt. 1, p. 304 Ambystoma mavortium Baird, 1850 Barred Tiger Salamander L. mavortium war-like — ref. Mars, Roman god of war; possibly named from a large neotenic adult individual or a cannibalistic morph with an extra row of teeth - either would be enough to provoke a reference to ancient war gods! OD Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, No. 1, p. 284 and p. 292 Ambystoma mavortium diaboli Dunn, 1940 Gray Tiger Salamander L. diaboli of a devil — ref. Devil's Lake, ND OD Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli Dunn, 1940 - Copeia, p. 160 Ambystoma mavortium mavortium Baird, 1850 Barred Tiger Salamander L. mavortium war-like —ref. Mars, Roman god of war; possibly named from a large neotenic adult individual or a cannibalistic morph with an extra row of teeth - either would be enough to provoke a reference to ancient war gods! OD Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, No. 1, p. 284 and p. 292 Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum (Baird, 1860) Blotched Tiger Salamander Gr. melano black and Gr. stiktos spotted — ref. light spotting of dark dorsum OD Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum (Baird, 1860) - in Cooper, Rep. Expl. Surv. R.R. Route Mississippi-Pacific Ocean, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., House Ex. Doc. 56, Vol. 12, p. 306 Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum Hallowell, 1852 Arizona Tiger Salamander L. nebulosum cloudy — ref. overall color and pattern on dorsum OD Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum Hallowell, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 209 Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi Lowe, 1954 Sonoran Tiger Salamander NL honors Robert Cyril Stebbins OD Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi Lowe, 1954 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 67, p. 243 Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) Marbled Salamander L. opacum shaded, dark, obscure — ref. color pattern OD Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) - Gravenhorst, Vergl. Uebersicht Zool. Syst., p. 431 Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) Mole Salamander L. talpa mole and L. -oides similarity to a L. -eum having the quality of — ref. burrowing habits OD Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 117, pl. 29 Ambystoma texanum (Matthes, 1855) Smallmouth Salamander NL belonging to the state of TX — type locality, Cummings Creek, Fayette County, TX, 1855 OD Ambystoma texanum (Matthes, 1855) - Allg. Deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, N.S., Vol. 1, p. 266 Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825) Tiger Salamander L. tigrinum tiger — ref. coloration in some individuals OD Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 116, pl. 25, fig. 7 Ambystoma tremblayi Comeau, 1943 [:x] NL honors Jean-Louis Tremblay OD Ambystoma tremblayi Comeau, 1943 - Ann. Assoc. Canadienne-Francaise Avance. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 124 Amphiuma Garden, 1821 AMPHIUMAS Gr. amphi on both sides and Gr. pneuma breathe — poss. misassumption that it breathed both air and water OD Amphiuma Garden, 1821 - in Smith's Correspondence of Linnaeus, Vol. 1, p. 599 (descr. p. 333) Amphiuma means Garden, 1821 Two-toed Amphiuma The describer gives no specific reason for "means": 1.) Gr. menos fierceness 2.) Gr. mania frenzy — may ref. its ability to bite or 3.) NL honoring an unspecified person named Means. OD Amphiuma means Garden, 1821 - in Smith's Correspondence of Linnaeus, Vol. 1, p. 599 (descr. p. 333) Amphiuma pholeter Neill, 1964 One-toed Amphiuma Gr. pholeter one who hides in a hole — ref. habitat OD Amphiuma pholeter Neill, 1964 - Herpetologica, Vol. 20, p. 62 Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827 Three-toed Amphiuma Gr. tri three and Gr. daktylos finger or digit — ref. to the # of digits on both sets of limbs OD Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827 - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 14, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 4-6, pl. 2, figs. 9-18 Aneides Baird, 1849 CLIMBING SALAMANDERS Gr. an- lacking and Gr. eidos form or shape — Jaeger - Gr. aneidos, "shapeless" Baird spelled it "Anaides." OD Aneides Baird, 1849 - in Heck, Iconographic Encycl. Zool., Vol. 2, p. 257 Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard, 1881) Green Salamander L. aeneus bronze or copper — ref. lichen-like patches of dorsal color OD - Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard, 1881) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 15, No. 11, p. 878 Aneides ferreus (Cope, 1869) Clouded Salamander L. ferreus iron colored — ref. dorsal mottling, clouded color phase OD Aneides ferreus Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 109 Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) Black Salamander L. flavi yellow and L. punctatus spotted — ref. conspicuous white or yellow iridophores on dark background OD Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 71 Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) Speckled Black Salamander L. flavi yellow and L. punctatus spotted — ref. conspicuous white or yellow iridophores on dark background OD Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 71 Aneides flavipunctatus niger Myers and Maslin, 1948 Santa Cruz Black Salamander L. niger black — ref. adult color "shiny black without...spots" OD Aneides flavipunctatus niger Myers and Maslin, 1948 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 61, p. 132 Aneides hardii (Taylor, 1941) Sacramento Mountain Salamander NL honors D. Elmo Hardy OD Aneides hardii (Taylor, 1941) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 54, p. 77 Aneides lugubris (Hallowell, 1849) Arboreal Salamander L. lugubris gloomy, dark — poss. ref. dull coloration or ironic ref. OD Aneides lugubris (Hallowell, 1849) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, p. 126 Aneides vagrans (Wake and Jackman, 1999) Wandering Salamander L. vagrans wandering — OD Aneides vagrans (Wake and Jackman, 1999) [nc][tc] Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1841 SLENDER SALAMANDERS Gr. batrachos amphibian, frog and Gr. seps lizard — describes lizard-like appearance OD Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1841 - Iconogr. Fauna Italica, Vol. 2, Fasc. 26, fol. 131, not paged Batrachoseps aridus Brame, 1970 Desert Slender Salamander L. aridus dry — ref. habitat, Coachella Valley, CA. OD Batrachoseps aridus Brame, 1970 - Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 200, p. 2 Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) California Slender Salamander L. attenuatus slender, narrow — ref. elongate, slender body form OD Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 1, pl. 21, figs. 1-14 Batrachoseps campi Marlow, Brode and Wake, 1979 Inyo Mountains Salamander NL honors Charles L. Camp OD Batrachoseps campi Marlow, Brode and Wake, 1979 - Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 308, p. 3 Batrachoseps diabolicus Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Hell Hollow Slender Salamander Gr. diabolikos devilish — poss. ref. type locality OD Batrachoseps, diabolicus Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Batrachoseps gabrieli Wake, 1996 San Gabriel Slender Salamander NL of the San Gabriel Mountains — poss. ref. type loc. OD Batrachoseps gabrieli Wake, 1996 [nc][tc] Batrachoseps gavilanensis Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Gabilan Mountains Slender Salamander NL of the Gabilan Mountains — poss. ref. type loc. OD Batrachoseps gavilanensis Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 [nc][tc] Batrachoseps gregarius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 *TRANS OD Batrachoseps gregarius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998. Contribs. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist.[nc][tc] Batrachoseps incognitus Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 San Simeon Slender Salamander *TRANS* OD Batrachoseps incognitus Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Herp. Monogr. 15. [nc][tc] Batrachoseps kawia Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Sequoia Slender Salamander NL kawia — prob. ref. to the Kawia Indian Tribe of southern CA OD Batrachoseps kawia Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 [nc][tc] Batrachoseps luciae Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Santa Lucia Slender Salamander NL Luciae — ref. Santa Lucia Mts., CA habitat OD Batrachoseps luciae Jokusch et al. 2001, Herp. Monogr. 15: 1-53 [tc] Batrachoseps major Camp, 1915 Garden Slender Salamander L. major larger or greater — largest Batrachoseps OD Batrachoseps major Camp, 1915 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 12, p. 327 Batrachoseps minor Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Lesser Slender Salamander L. minor smaller, less — prob. ref. small body size OD Batrachoseps minor Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 - Herp. Monogr. 15., p. ___ [nc][tc] Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869 Blackbelly Slender Salamander L. niger black and L. ventris of the belly — ref. dark venter OD Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 98 Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope, 1865) Channel Islands Slender Salamander NL of the Pacific Ocean — found on Northern Channel Islands, off CA coast OD Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope, 1865) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 17, p. 195 Batrachoseps regius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Kings River Slender Salamander L. regius of the king — ref. King's River, California locality OD Batrachoseps regius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Contribs. Los Angeles County Museum [nc][tc] Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray, 1968 Relictual Slender Salamander L. relictus to leave behind — ref. relict distribution OD Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 5 Batrachoseps robustus Wake, Yanev, and Hansen, 2002 Kern Plateau Salamander L. robust large bodied — poss. ref. body style OD Batrachoseps robustus Wake, Yanev, and Hansen, 2002 Copeia 4:1016-1028. [tc] Batrachoseps simatus Brame and Murray, 1968 Kern Canyon Slender Salamander L. simus pug-nose and L. -atus having the nature of — ref. appearance of face OD Batrachoseps simatus Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 15 Batrachoseps stebbinsi Brame and Murray, 1968 Tehachapi Slender Salamander NL honors Robert C. Stebbins OD Batrachoseps stebbinsi Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 18 Batrachoseps wrightorum (Bishop, 1937) Oregon Slender Salamander NL honors Albert H. Wright and Margaret R. Wright OD Batrachoseps wrightorum (Bishop, 1937) - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 93, pl. 9 Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 HELLBENDERS Gr. kryptos hidden and Gr. branchion gill — ref. lack of large external gills OD Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 - Encyklopadische Zeitung von Oken, Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 260, also an abstract in Isis, 1821, Lit. Anz., p. 259 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) Hellbender NL belonging to the Allegheny Mountains — ref. type locality, VA, 1803 OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 8, p. 231 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) Eastern Hellbender NL belonging to the Allegheny Mountains — ref. type locality, VA, 1803 OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 8, p. 231 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grobman, 1943 Ozark Hellbender NL honors Sherman C. Bishop OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grobman, 1943 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 470, p. 6 Desmognathus Baird, 1850 DUSKY SALAMANDERS Gr. desmos ligament and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. bundle of ligaments holding jaw OD Desmognathus Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 282 and p. 285 Desmognathus abditus Anderson and Tilley, 2003 Cumberland Dusky Salamander *TRANS*--- common name refers to its restriction to the Cumberland Plateau OD Desmognathus abditus Anderson and Tilley, 2003 - Systematics of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus Complex in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Herpetological Monographs 17: 75-110. [tc] Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947 Seepage Salamander L. aeneus copper or bronze — ref. dorsal body color OD Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947 - Copeia, p. 163 Desmognathus apalachicolae Bruce and Karlin, 1989 Apalachicola Dusky Salamander NL of the Apalachicola National Forest OD Desmognathus apalachicolae Means and Karlin, 1989 - Herpetologica, Vol. 45, p. 38 Desmognathus auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838) Southern Dusky Salamander L. auriculatus having an external ear — ref. oblong brownish spot on the side of its head OD Desmognathus auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 115, pl. 28 Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, 1894c Ouachita Dusky Salamander NL honors C.S. and H.H. Brimley OD Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, 1895 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 597 Desmognathus carolinensis Dunn, 1916 Carolina Dusky Salamander NL belonging to Carolina — poss ref. type loc. Mt. Mitchell, NC OD Desmognathus carolinensis (Dunn, 1916) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29:74 [tc] Desmognathus conanti Rossman, 1958 Spotted Dusky Salamander NL honors Roger Conant OD Desmognathus conanti Rossman, 1958 - Herpetologica, Vol. 14, p. 158 Desmognathus folkertsi Camp, Tilley, Austin, and Marshall, 2002 Dwarf Blackbelly Salamander NL honors _______ Folkerts *BIO* OD - Camp, Carlos D., Stephen G. Tilley, Richard M. Austin, Jr., and Jeremy L. Marshall. 2002. A New Species of Black-bellied Salamander (Genus Desmognathus) from the Appalachian Mountains of Northern Georgia. Herpetologica 58(4): 471-484. [tc] Desmognathus fuscus (Green, 1818) Northern Dusky Salamander L. fuscus dark, swarthy — "dusky" OD Desmognathus fuscus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1., p. 357 Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927 Imitator Salamander L. imitator one who mimics — alludes to the resemblance between red cheeked specimens and similarly patterned, sympatric Plethodon jordani OD Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927 - Copeia, p. 84 Desmognathus marmoratus Moore, 1899 L. marmoratus marbled — ref. marbled dorsal pattern OD Desmognathus marmoratus (Moore, 1899) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 51, p. 316, pl. 14, figs. 1-10 Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916 Seal Salamander L. monticola mountaineer, highlander — ref. habitat of species OD Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 29, p. 73 Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951 [:x] NL honors Thomas Jefferson OD Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 66, p. 250, pl. 17, fig. 2, map 1 Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859 Mountain Dusky Salamander Gr. ochros yellow, pale and Gr. phaeos light — ref. bright coloration of some individuals OD Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 124 Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949 Ocoee Salamander NL Ocoee Gorge — ref. type loc. in Polk Cty., TN OD Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949 - Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci 24:127 [tc] Desmognathus orestes Tilley and Mahoney, 1996 Blue Ridge Dusky Salamander NL honors Orestes - in mythology, a son of Agamemnon and a mountaineer — poss. ref. habitat OD Desmognathus orestes Tilley and Mahoney, 1996 [nc][tc] Desmognathus quadramaculatus (Holbrook, 1840) Blackbelly Salamander L. quadrus four-fold and L. maculatus spotted — ref. 4 rows of small light spots OD Desmognathus quadramaculatus (Holbrook, 1840) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, pl. 26 misprinted 27, p. 121 Desmognathus santeetlah Tilley, 1981 Santeetlah Dusky Salamander NL belonging to Santeetlah Creek, NC — prominant geographic name in region of type locality OD Desmognathus santeetlah Tilley, 1981 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 695, p. 3 Desmognathus welteri Barbour, 1950 Black Mountain Salamander NL honors Wilfred August Welter OD Desmognathus welteri Barbour, 1950 - Copeia, p. 277 Desmognathus wrighti King, 1936 Pigmy Salamander NL honors George M. Wright OD Desmognathus wrighti King, 1936 - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 57, pl. 5 Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 GIANT SALAMANDERS Gr. di two and Gr. kamptos curved, bent and Gr. odon teeth — ref. to doubly curved teeth OD Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 68 Dicamptodon aterrimus (Cope, 1867) *NCN* *TRANS* OD Dicamptodon aterrimus (Cope, 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, 2nd Series, p. 201 Dicamptodon copei Nussbaum, 1970 Cope's Giant Salamander NL honors Edward Drinker Cope OD Dicamptodon copei Nussbaum, 1970 - Copeia, p. 506 Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) California Giant Salamander L. ensatus sword-shaped — poss. ref. to the pointed teeth OD Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 6, pl. 22 Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Pacific Giant Salamander L. tenebrosus dark, gloomy — poss. ref. color or habitat OD Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174 Ensatina Gray, 1850 ENSATINAS L. ensatus sword shaped and L. -ina similar to — poss. ref. to the teeth OD Ensatina Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., p. 48 Ensatina eschscholtzii Gray, 1850 Monterey Ensatina NL honors Johann F. Eschscholtz OD Ensatina eschscholtzi Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., p. 48 Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater (Cope, 1869) Yellow-blotched Ensatina L. croceus saffron colored and L. -ater black — ref. color pattern OD Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater (Cope, "1867" 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, p. 210 Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi Dunn, 1929 Large-blotched Ensatina NL honors Laurence M. Klauber OD Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi Dunn, 1929 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 74, Art. 25, p. 2 Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis (Girard, 1856) Oregon Ensatina NL belonging to the state of Oregon — ref. distribution OD Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis (Girard, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 141 Ensatina eschscholtzii picta Wood, 1940 Painted Ensatina L. picta painted or embroidered — ref. bright dorsal coloration OD Ensatina eschscholtzii picta Wood, 1940 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 42, No. 10, p. 425 Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (Espada, 1875) Sierra Nevada Ensatina NL belonging to the Rio La Plata, Uruguay — Espada named this salamander Urotropis platensis because he thought it came from Montevideo, Uruguay OD Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (Jimenez de la Espada, 1875) - An. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. 4, p. 71, pl. 1 Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949 Yellow-eyed Ensatina Gr. xanthos yellow and Gr. ops eye and Gr. -ika belonging to — ref. eye color OD Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 48, No. 6, p. 407, pl. 11, figs. 2 and 12 Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822 BROOK SALAMANDERS NL.. probably honors Eurydice — although Rafinesque only wrote "Mythological" OD Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822 - Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, N. S., Vol. 1, No. 9, Feb. 28, p. 3, column 6 Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818) Northern Two-lined Salamander L. bis twice and L. lineata lined, streaked — ref. to two dorsal stripes OD Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 352 Eurycea chamberlaini Harrison and Guttman, 2003 Chamberlain's Dwarf Salamander NL honors _____ Chamberlain *BIO* OD Eurycea chamberlaini Harrison and Guttman, 2003. A New Species of Eurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from North and South Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist 2(2): 159-178. [tc] Eurycea chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Chisholm Trail Salamander NL belonging to the Chisholm Trail — ref. locality OD Eurycea chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 [nc][tc] Eurycea cirrigera (Green, 1830) Southern Two-lined Salamander L. cirrus lock, curl of hair and L. gera bearing — alludes to pendant nasolabial process in sexually active males. OD Eurycea cirrigera (Green, 1830) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 253 Eurycea junaluska Sever, Dundee and Sullivan, 1976 Junaluska Salamander NL honors Junaluska, whose statue inspired the honorific. OD Eurycea junaluska Sever, Dundee and Sullivan, 1976 - Herpetologica, Vol. 32, p. 26 Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946 Cascade Cavern Salamander L. latito, to hide, conceal — prob. ref. to reclusive nature and habitat OD Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946 - Herpetologica, Vol. 3, p. 106 Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) Longtail Salamander L. longus long and L. cauda tail — tail length usually greater than snout vent length OD Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 351 Eurycea longicauda guttolineata (Holbrook, 1838) Three-lined Salamander L. gutta spot, drop and L. lineata lined — ref. conspicuous 3 lines formed by its spots OD Eurycea longicauda guttolineata (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 2, p. 61, pl. 12 Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Green, 1818) Longtail Salamander L. longus long and L. cauda tail — tail length usually greater than snout vent length OD Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 351 Eurycea longicauda melanopleura (Cope, 1893) Dark-sided Salamander Gr. melaina black and Gr. pleura side of body — type specimens were juveniles and did not show adult pattern OD Eurycea longicauda melanopleura (Cope, 1893) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 45, p. 383 Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822 Cave Salamander L. lucis light and L. fuga flee — "relates to its habit of avoiding light" OD Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822 - Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, N.S., Vol. 1, No. 9, p. 3. Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) Many-ribbed Salamander L. multus many and L. plicata folded — ref. numerous costal folds OD Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 106 Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941 Graybelly Salamander L. griseus greyish and Gr. gaster belly — ref. greyish colored venter OD Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941 - Copeia, p. 139 Eurycea multiplicata multiplicata (Cope, 1869) Many-ribbed Salamander L. multus many and L. plicata folded — ref. numerous costal folds OD Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 106 Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941 San Marcos Salamander 1.) Gr. nanos dwarf or 2.) L. nanus dwarf — ref. small size OD Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941 - Occ. Pap. Mus. of Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 6, pl. I, fig. 1 Eurycea naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 San Gabriel Springs Salamander L. naufragium remnants, remains — refers to human fragmentation of its spring habitats OD Eurycea naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 [nc][tc] Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937 Texas Salamander Gr. neotes youth and Gr. -enos pertaining to — ref. sexual maturity while in larval stage OD Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 50, p. 142 Eurycea pterophila Burger, Smith and Potter, 1950 Fern Bank Salamander Gr. ptero fern and Gr. philos lover of — ref. habitat OD Eurycea pterophila Burger, Smith and Potter 1950. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 63:51 Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842) Dwarf Salamander L. quadra four and L. digita fingers or digits and L. -ata having — ref. to number of toes on feet OD Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 5, p. 65, pl. 21 Eurycea sosorum Chippindale, Price and Hillis, 1993 Barton Springs Salamander NL honors the conservation group "Save Our Springs" OD Eurycea sosorum Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Herpetologica, 49: 249 [tc] Eurycea tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Tonkawa Springs Salamander NL belonging to Tonkawa Springs — ref. locality OD Eurycea tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Herpetol. Monogr., 14: 32 [tc] Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 Comal Blind Salamander L. tridentifera trident-bearer, epithet of Neptune — ref. to internal anatomy OD Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 17, p. 14 Eurycea troglodytes Baker, 1957 Valdina Farms Salamander Gr. trogle, a hole made by knawing Gr. dytes burrower — from which was coined the French word troglodytes meaning dwellers in caves — prob. ref. habitat OD Eurycea troglodytes Baker, 1957 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 328-9 [tc] Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939 Oklahoma Salamander NL belonging to Tyner Creek, OK — type locality, Adair Cty., OK, 1939 OD Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 22, No. 3, p. 697 Eurycea waterlooensis Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox and Chippindale, 2001 Common Name TBA NL belonging to Waterloo — poss. ref. locality OD Eurycea waterlooensis Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox and Chippindale, 2001 - 2001 Herpetologica Vol. 57, Number 3, pages 266-280. Eurycea wilderae Dunn, 1920 Blue Ridge Two-lined Salamander NL honors Inez Whipple Wilder OD Eurycea wilderae Dunn, 1920 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 33, p. 134 Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869 SPRING SALAMANDERS Gr. gyrinos tadpole and Gr. philos loving, fond of — ref. multi-year larval phase OD Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 108 Gyrinophilus gulolineatus Brandon, 1965 Berry Cave Salamander L. gula throat and L. lineatus marked w/lines — ref. striped throat OD Gyrinophilus palleucus gulolineatus Brandon, 1965 - Copeia, p. 347 Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 Tennessee Cave Salamander Gr. palleucus white — ref. pale coloration OD Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 - Copeia, p. 201 Gyrinophilus palleucus necturoides Lazell and Brandon, 1962 Big Mouth Cave Salamander Gr. nektos swimming and Gr. oura the tail and Gr. -oides similarity to — ref. dorsal color like Necturus OD Gyrinophilus palleucus necturoides Lazell and Brandon, 1962 - Copeia, p. 301 Gyrinophilus palleucus palleucus McCrady, 1954 Pale Salamander Gr. palleucus white — ref. pale coloration OD Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 - Copeia, p. 201 Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) Spring Salamander Gr. porphyros reddish-brown, purple and L. -icus calls attention to the color — ref. dorsal body color OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2 Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi (Blatchley, 1901) Blue Ridge Spring Salamander NL honors Lewis E. Daniels OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi (Blatchley, "1900" 1901) - 25 Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 760 Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941 Carolina Spring Salamander NL honors Emmett Reid Dunn OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941 - Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 101, No. 2, July 14, p. 2, pl. 1 Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi (Weller, 1930) Kentucky Spring Salamander NL honors Ralph Dury OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi (Weller, 1930) - Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci., Cincinnati, Vol. 1, Nos. 5-6, p. [6] Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) Northern Spring Salamander Gr. porphyros reddish-brown, purple and L. -icus calls attention to the color — ref. dorsal body color OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2 Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977 West Virginia Spring Salamander L. sub below and L. terra ground and L. -aneus belonging to — ref. habitat OD Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977 - Copeia, p. 626 Haideotriton Carr, 1934 GEORGIA BLIND SALAMANDERS Gr. haidos Hades the abode of dead and Gr. Triton a Greek sea god and a European genus of salamander — ref. subterranean habitat. OD Haideotriton Carr, 1939 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 334 Haideotriton wallacei Carr, 1939 Georgia Blind Salamander NL honors Howard K. Wallace OD Haideotriton wallacei Carr, 1939 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 335, pl. 11-12 Hemidactylium Tschudi, 1838 FOUR-TOED SALAMANDER Gr. hemi half and Gr. daktylion fusion of digits — ref. reduced number of digits on each hind foot OD Hemidactylium Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 59 Hemidactylium scutatum (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) Four-toed Salamander L. scutatum armed w/a shield — costal grooves appear covered with shield-like plates OD Hemidactylium scutatum (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) - in Von Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Saur. Batr., Pt. 3, p. 119 Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 WEB-TOED SALAMANDERS Gr. hydro water and Gr. mantis soothsayer or prophet — OD Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 - Naturgesch. Thierr., p. xi Hydromantes brunus Gorman, 1954 Limestone Salamander L. brunus brown — ref. adult coloration OD Hydromantes brunus Gorman, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 153 Hydromantes platycephalus (Camp, 1916) Mount Lyell Salamander Gr. platys flat and Gr. kephalos headed — ref. to flat head OD Hydromantes platycephalus (Camp, 1916) - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, p. 11 Hydromantes shastae Gorman and Camp, 1953 Shasta Salamander NL Shasta County, CA — type locality OD Hydromantes shastae Gorman and Camp, 1953 - Copeia, p. 39 Leurognathus Moore, 1899 [:x] Gr. leuros smooth or even and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. to flat palate devoid of a premaxillary fontanelle OD Leurognathus Moore, 1899 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 51, p. 316 Necturus Rafinesque, 1819 WATERDOGS AND MUDPUPPY Gr. nektos swimming and Gr. oura tail — ref. aquatic existence OD Necturus Rafinesque, 1819 - Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Blainville, Vol. 88, June, pp. 417-418 Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937 Alabama Waterdog NL belonging to the state of Alabama — type collected near Tuscaloosa, AL OD Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 121 Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 Gulf Coast Waterdog NL honors George E. Beyer OD Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 123 Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 Neuse River Waterdog NL honors Frank B. Lewis OD Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 11, p. 167 Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 Red River Mudpuppy NL belonging to the state of Louisiana — type collected near Pollock, LA OD Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 51, p. 143 Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) Mudpuppy L. maculosus full of spots — ref. somewhat spotted dorsum OD Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) - Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 41 Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) Dwarf Waterdog L. punctatus having spots or points — ref. spotted dorsum OD Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 3, Charleston, p. 159 Necturus punctatus lodingi Viosca, 1937 Mobile Dwarf Waterdog NL honors Henry P. Loding OD Necturus punctatus lodingi Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 126 Necturus punctatus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) Dwarf Waterdog L. punctatus having spots or points — OD Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 3, Charleston, p. 159 Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 EASTERN NEWTS Gr. noto mark Gr. ophtalmus eye — ref. eye spots on sides and back OD Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5 Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880) Black-spotted Newt L. meridionalis southern — ref southerly distribution of this species OD Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 30 Notophthalmus meridionalis meridionalis (Cope, 1880) Texas Black-spotted Newt L. meridionalis southern — ref. southerly distribution of this species OD Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5 Notophthalmus perstriatus Bishop, 1941 Striped Newt L. per through (throughout) L. striatus lined, layered or channeled — ref. dorsolateral red lines OD Notophthalmus perstriatus (Bishop, 1941) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 3, pl. 1 and 2 Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) Eastern Newt L. viridescens slightly green — ref. common greenish color OD Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5 Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis (Harlan, 1828) Broken-striped Newt L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. broken red lines on dorsum OD Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis (Harlan, 1828) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 101 Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis (Wolterstorff, 1914) Central Newt NL louisianaensis belongs to the state of LA — type locality, New Orleans, LA, l9l4 OD Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis (Wolterstorff, 1914) - Abh. Mus. Nat. Heimatk. Magdeburg, Vol. 2, Pt. 4, p. 383 Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola (Schwartz and Duellman, 1952) Peninsula Newt NL piaropus water hyacinths and L. -icola inhabitant of — ref. habit of living in beds of water hyacinths OD Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola (Schwartz and Duellman, 1952) - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, No. 12, p. 219, pl. 1 Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) Red-spotted Newt L. viridescens slightly green — ref. common greenish color OD Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5 Phaeognathus Highton, 1961 RED HILLS SALAMANDER Gr. phaios dun colored, dark and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. dark jaw lacking light diagonal line characteristic of other desmognathoid salamanders OD Phaeognathus Highton, 1961 - Copeia, p. 66 Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton, 1961 Red Hills Salamander NL honors Leslie Hubricht OD Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton, 1961 - Copeia, p. 67 Plethodon Tschudi, 1838 WOODLAND SALAMANDERS Gr. plethore fullness or full of and Gr. odon teeth — ref. to the number of vomerine and paravomerine teeth OD Plethodon Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 92 Plethodon ainsworthi Lazell, 1998 Catahoula Salamander NL honors Jackson Harold Ainsworth *BIO* OD Plethodon ainsworthi Lazell, 1998 - Copeia, 1998: 967 [tc] Plethodon albagula Grobman, 1944 Western Slimy Salamander L. alba white and L. gula throat — ref. color of chin OD Plethodon albagula Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 45, p. 283 Plethodon amplus Highton and Peabody, 2000 Blue Ridge Graycheek Salamander L. amplus large body — ref. large body size OD Plethodon amplus Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc] Plethodon angusticlavius Grobman, 1944 Ozark Zigzag Salamander L. angusticlavius bearing a narrow purple stripe — ref. to dorsal striping OD Plethodon angusticlavius Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 45, p. 266 Plethodon aureolus Highton, 1983 Tellico Salamander L. aureolus golden, splendid — poss. ref. coloration OD Plethodon aureolus Highton, 1984 - Brimleyana, Vol. 9, p. 2 Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951 Caddo Mountain Salamander NL belongs to the Caddo Mountains, AR — type locality of the holotype, l950 OD Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 148 Plethodon chattahoochee Highton, 1989 Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander NL chattahoochee — ref. locality OD Plethodon chattahoochee Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 55 Plethodon cheoah Highton and Peabody, 2000 Cheoah Bald Salamander NL cheoah — ref. locality, Cheoah Bald, NC. OD Plethodon cheoah Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc] Plethodon chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951 Atlantic Coast Slimy Salamander Gr. chloro green and Gr. bryonis white bitter root juice — poss. ref. to slimy skin secretions OD Plethodon chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951 - Herpetologica, Vol. 7, p. 108 Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818) Redback Salamander L. cinereus ash colored — ref. dorsal color of lead backed phase OD Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 356 *Plethodon cylindraceus *NCN* *TRANS* OD Plethodon cylindraceus (Harlan, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 156-157[tc] Plethodon dorsalis Cope, 1889 Zigzag Salamander L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. differences in dorsal patterns of P. dorsalis and P. cinereus OD Plethodon dorsalis Cope, 1889 - Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 34, p. 138 Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934 Dunn's Salamander NL honors Emmett R. Dunn OD Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 47, p. 169 Plethodon electromorphus Highton, 1999 Northern Ravine Salamander NL.. electro ref. to electrophoresis and NGr. morphus change — prob. ref. to use of new technology to separate it from its previous name OD Plethodon electromorphus Highton, 1999 [nc][tc] Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916 Del Norte Salamander L. elongatus slender, attenuated — most slender western Plethodon OD Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 6, No. 7, p. 216 Plethodon fourchensis Duncan and Highton, 1979 Fourche Mountain Salamander NL fourchensis belongs to the Fourche Mountains, AR — type-locality, Polk Cty., AR, 1976 OD Plethodon fourchensis Duncan and Highton, 1979 - Copeia, p. 109 Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818) Northern Slimy Salamander L. glutinosus full of glue, very gluey — ref. sticky skin OD Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 357 Plethodon grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949 Southeastern Slimy Salamander NL honors Arnold B. Grobman OD Plethodon grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949 - Herpetologica Vol. 5, page 112 Plethodon hoffmani Highton, 1971 Valley and Ridge Salamander NL honors Richard L. Hoffman OD Plethodon hoffmani Highton, "1971" 1972 - in Holt et al., Res. Div. Monogr., No. 4, Pt. 3, Vertebrates, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., p. 151 Plethodon hubrichti Thurow, 1957 Peaks of Otter Salamander NL honors Leslie Hubricht OD Plethodon hubrichti Thurow, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 59 Plethodon idahoensis Slater and Slip, 1940 Coeur d'Alene Salamander NL belonging to the state of Idaho — ref. type locality OD Plethodon idahoensis Slater and Slip, 1940 - Occ. Papers Dept. Biol. Univ. Puget Sound, Vol. 8, p. 38, figs. 1-2 Plethodon jordani Blatchley, 1901 Jordan's Salamander NL honors David S.Jordan OD Plethodon jordani Blatchley, "1900" 1901 - 25th Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 762 Plethodon kentucki Mittleman, 1951 Cumberland Plateau Salamander NL Kentucky — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon kentucki Mittleman, 1951 - Herpetologica, Vol. 7, p. 105 Plethodon kiamichi Highton, 1989 Kiamichi Slimy Salamander NL Kiamichi — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon kiamichi Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 62 Plethodon kisatchie Highton, 1989 Louisiana Slimy Salamander NL Kisatchie — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon kisatchie Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 67 Plethodon larselli Burns, 1954 Larch Mountain Salamander NL honors Olaf Larsell OD Plethodon larselli Burns, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 83 Plethodon meridianus Highton and Peabody, 2000 South Mountain Graycheek Salamander L. meridianus belonging to the meridian — pres. ref. refers to its distribution endemic to the South Mountains OD Plethodon meridianusHighton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc] Plethodon metcalfi Brimley, 1912 Southern Graycheek Salamander NL honors (possibly Maynard M.) Metcalf OD Plethodon metcalfi Brimley 1912. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25:135 [tc] Plethodon mississippi Highton, 1989 Mississippi Slimy Salamander NL Mississippi — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon mississippi Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, 1989 Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 65 Plethodon montanus Highton and Peabody, 2000 Northern Graycheek Salamander L. montanus belonging to a mountain — poss. ref. type locality OD Plethodon montanus Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc] Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950 Jemez Mountains Salamander NL belonging to the state of New Mexico — holotype found in Jemez Mountains, NM, l950 OD Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950 - Copeia, p. 73 Plethodon nettingi Green, 1938 Cheat Mountain Salamander NL honors Morris Graham Netting OD Plethodon nettingi Green, 1938 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 27, No. 19, p. 295 Plethodon ocmulgee Highton, 1989 Ocmulgee Slimy Salamander NL Ocmulgee — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon ocmulgee Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 60 Plethodon oconaluftee Hairston, 1993 Southern Appalachian Salamander NL Oconaluftee — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon oconaluftee Hairston, 1993 [nc][tc] Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heintze, 1933 Rich Mountain Salamander NL Ouachita Natl. Forest, AR — area where the holotype was found, 1933 OD Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heinze, 1933 - Copeia, p. 121 Plethodon petraeus Wynn, Highton and Jacobs, 1988 *NCN* L. petraeus growing among rocks — prob. ref. habitat OD Plethodon petraeus Wynn, Highton and Jacobs, 1988 - Herpetologica, Vol. 44, p. 135. Plethodon punctatus Highton, 1972 White-spotted Salamander L. punctatus spotted — prob. ref. pattern OD Plethodon punctatus Highton, "1971" 1972 - in Holt et al., Res. Div. Monogr., No. 4, Pt. 3, Vertebrates, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., p. 176 Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938 Ravine Salamander NL honors Neil Dwight Richmond OD Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 27, p. 288, pl. 30, fig. 1 Plethodon savannah Highton, 1989 Savannah Slimy Salamander NL honors Savannah — poss. ref. type loc OD Plethodon savannah Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 73 Plethodon sequoyah Highton, 1989 Sequoyah Slimy Salamander NL sequoyah, a genus of trees in their habitat which in turn honors Sequoyah OD Plethodon sequoyah Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 68 Plethodon serratus Grobman, 1944 Southern Redback Salamander L. serratus serrated or notched — "refers to the condition of the diagnostic character: the saw-toothed edge of the dorsal line." OD Plethodon serratus Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci, Vol. 45, No. 7, p. 306 Plethodon shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967 Shenandoah Salamander NL Shenandoah Mountains, VA and WV — prob. ref. type locality OD Plethodon shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967 - Copeia, p. 619 Plethodon shermani Brimley, 1912 Red-legged Salamander NL honors ______ Sherman *BIO* OD Plethodon shermani Brimley 1912. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25:135 [tc] Plethodon stormi Highton and Brame, 1965 Siskiyou Mountains Salamander NL honors Robert M. Storm OD Plethodon stormi Highton and Brame, 1965 - Pilot Register of Zoology, Card No. 20, 1-2 Plethodon teyahalee *NCN* *TRANS* OD Plethodon teyahalee Hairston, 1950 - Copeia, p. 269 [tc] Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh, 1906 Van Dyke's Salamander NL honors Edwin C. Van Dyke OD Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh, 1906 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, p. 61 Plethodon variolatus Gilliams, 1818 South Carolina Slimy Salamander L. variolatus spotted like small pox — ref. pattern OD Plethodon variolatus (Gilliams, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, p. 460, pl. 18, fig. 1 Plethodon vehiculum (Cooper, 1860) Western Redback Salamander L. vehiculum vehicle, conveyance — OD Plethodon vehiculum (Cooper, 1860) - Rep. Expl. Surv. R.R. Route Mississippi-Pacific Ocean, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., House Ex. Doc. 56, Vol. 12, (Book 2, Pt. 3, No. 4), p. viii (list of illustrations), pl. 31, fig. 4 Plethodon ventralis Highton, 1997 Southern Zigzag Salamander L. ventralis of the belly — OD Plethodon ventralis Highton, 1997 [nc] Plethodon virginia Highton, 1999 Shenandoah Mountain Salamander NL ref. locality OD Plethodon virginia Highton, 1999 [nc][tc] Plethodon websteri Highton, 1979 Webster's Salamander NL honors T. Preston Webster OD Plethodon websteri Highton, 1979 - Brimleyana, Vol. 1, p. 32 Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917 Wehrle's Salamander NL honors Richard W. Wehrle OD Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 69, p. 23, pl. 4 Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931 Weller's Salamander NL honors Worth Hamilton Weller OD Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931 - Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci., Cincinnati, Vol. 2, p. 48 Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917 Yonahlossee Salamander NL Yonahlossee Road, NC — type locality, Avery Cty., NC, 1917 OD Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917 - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 37, p. 598 Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825 DWARF SIREN Gr. pseudes false and Gr. branchos gills — describer believed the gills spiracle covers OD Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825 - Ann. Philos, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 216 Pseudobranchus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942 Southern Dwarf Siren (nominate subspecies is "Narrow-striped Dwarf Siren") Gr. a without and Gr. xanthos yellow — refers to the difference in coloration between this and P. s. striatus OD Pseudobranchus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, Art. 6, p. 183, pl. 1, figs. 1 and 2 Pseudobranchus axanthus belli Schwartz, 1952 Everglades Dwarf Siren NL honors L. Neil Bell OD Pseudobranchus axanthus belli Schwartz, 1952 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 115, p. 1 Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) Dwarf Siren L. striatus striped — ref. longitudinal markings OD Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 53, pl. 4 Pseudobranchus striatus lustricolus Neill, 1951 Gulf Hammock Dwarf Siren L. lustrum bog or morass and L. -icolus inhabiting — type locality, Levy Cty., FL, 1950 OD Pseudobranchus striatus lustricolus Neill, 1951 - Publ. Res. Div. Ross Allen's Reptile Inst. Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 39 Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949 Slender Dwarf Siren Gr. spheniskos a small wedge — head and snout are narrow and wedge shaped OD Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 31, No. 10, p. 277 Pseudobranchus striatus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) Broad-striped Dwarf Siren L. striatus striped — ref. longitudinal markings OD Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 53, pl. 4 Pseudotriton Tschudi, 1838 RED and MUD SALAMANDERS Gr. pseudes false and Gr. Triton a Greek sea god and a genus of European salamanders which this resembles OD Pseudotriton Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 60 Pseudotriton diastictus Bishop, 1941 Midland Mud Salamander Gr. dia throughout and Gr. stiktos dotted — ref. distinct dorsal spotting OD Pseudotriton diastictus Bishop, 1941 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 14, pl. 2 Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 Eastern Mud Salamander L. montanus belonging to a mountain — type specimen found on South Mountain, PA, l849 OD Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 293 Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus Hallowell, 1856 Gulf Coast Mud Salamander L. flavus yellow and L. -issimus most or very much — poss. ref. suffusion of light coloration that obscures spotting OD Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus Hallowell, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 130 Pseudotriton montanus floridanus Netting and Goin, 1942 Rusty Mud Salamander NL state of Florida — type locality, U of FL Campus, Gainesville, FL, 1936 OD Pseudotriton montanus floridanus Netting and Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, Art. 6, p. 175, pl. 1, fig. 5 Pseudotriton montanus montanus Baird, 1849 Eastern Mud Salamander L. montana a mountain and L. -anus belonging to — type specimen found on South Mtn., PA, l849 OD Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 293 Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) Red Salamander L. ruber red — ref. dorsal color OD Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, History Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 305 Pseudotriton ruber nitidus Dunn, 1920 Blue Ridge Red Salamander L. nitidus bright or glittering — ref. brilliant dorsal color OD Pseudotriton ruber nitidus Dunn, 1920 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 33, p. 133 Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Latreille, 1801) Northern Red Salamander L. ruber red — ref. dorsal color OD Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, History Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 305 Pseudotriton ruber schencki (Brimley, 1912) Blackchin Red Salamander NL honors C.A. Schenck OD Pseudotriton ruber schencki (Brimley, 1912) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 25, No. 28, p. 139, pl. 7, figs. 12-13, 15, 17-18, and 20-22 Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop, 1928 Southern Red Salamander NL honors Percy Viosca, Jr. OD Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop, 1928 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 5, p. 247, pl. 15 Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920 TORRENT SALAMANDERS Gr. rhyakos stream and Gr. Triton Greek sea god and a European salamander genus OD Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 7, p. 56 Rhyacotriton cascadae Good and Wake, 1992 Cascades Torrent Salamander NL Cascades Mountains — ref. habitat OD Rhyacotriton cascadae Good and Wake, 1992 [nc][tc] Rhyacotriton kezeri Good and Wake, 1992 Columbia Torrent Salamander NL honors James Kezer OD Rhyacotriton kezeri Good and Wake, 1992 [nc][tc] Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige, 1917) Olympic Torrent Salamander NL Olympic Mountains, WA — type locality, Lake Cushman, WA, 1916 OD Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige, 1917) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 40, p. 2, pl. 1 Rhyacotriton variegatus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951 Southern Torrent Salamander L. variegatus variegated — ref. dorsal color/pattern OD Rhyacotriton variegatus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951 - Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 50, No. 4, p. 471 Siren Linnaeus, 1766 SIRENS Gr. seiren mermaids of Greek myth — ref. physical traits described by Oesterdam, l769: no hind legs, curving tail and body. OD Siren Linnaeus, 1766 - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, Pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda (not paged) Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 Lesser Siren L. intermedia in between — ref. intermediate size OD Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 - Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. 11, p. 269 Siren intermedia intermedia Barnes, 1826 Eastern Lesser Siren L. intermedia in between — ref. intermediate size OD Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 - Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. 11, p. 269 Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942 Western Lesser Siren NL honors Morris Graham Netting OD Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, p. 211 Siren intermedia texana Goin, 1957 *NCN* NL texana belonging to the state of Texas — prob. ref. type locality or range OD Siren intermedia texana Goin, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 37 [tc] Siren lacertina Linnaeus, 1766 Greater Siren L. lacerta a lizard and L. -ina pertaining to — ref. serpentine body and poss. ref. genus Lacerta OD Siren lacertina Linnaeus, 1766 - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, Pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda (not paged) Stereochilus Cope, 1869 MANY-LINED SALAMANDER Gr. stereos firm or solid and Gr. cheilos lip — alludes to the taxonomic character of the tongue attachment OD Stereochilus Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 100 Stereochilus marginatus (Hallowell, 1856) Many-lined Salamander L. marginatus bordered, lined — ref. streaked/striped color pattern on individuals of this species OD Stereochilus marginatus (Hallowell, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 130 Taricha Gray, 1850 PACIFIC NEWTS Gr. tarichos preserved mummy — poss. ref. rough skinned appearance OD Taricha Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., Part 2, p. 25 Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) Roughskin Newt L. granulosa full of small grains — ref. rough skin of terrestrial adults OD Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. 1 Taricha granulosa granulosa (Skilton, 1849) Northern Roughskin Newt L. granulosa full of small grains — ref. rough skin of terrestrial adults OD Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. 1 Taricha granulosa mazamae (Myers, 1942) Crater Lake Newt NL Mt. Mazama, OR — type locality, Crater Lake National Park, OR, 1942 OD Taricha granulosa mazamae (Myers, 1942) - Copeia, p. 80 Taricha rivularis (Twitty, 1935) Redbelly Newt L. rivularis of a brook or stream — breeds only in streams OD Taricha rivularis (Twitty, 1935) - Copeia, p. 73 Taricha torosa (Rathke in Eschscholtz, 1833) California Newt L. torosa full of muscle, fleshy — ref. thicker head and body OD Taricha torosa (Rathke, 1833) - in Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 15 Taricha torosa sierrae (Twitty, 1942) Sierra Newt NL Sierra Nevada Mountains — type locality, Butte County, CA, l937 OD Taricha torosa sierrae (Twitty, 1942) - Copeia, p. 65, pl. 1 and 4 Taricha torosa torosa (Rathke in Eschscholtz, 1833) Coast Range Newt L. torosa full of muscle, fleshy — ref. thicker head and body OD Taricha torosa (Rathke, 1833) - in Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 15 Typhlomolge Stejneger, 1895 TEXAS BLIND SALAMANDERS Gr. typhlos blind and German molge salamander — OD Typhlomolge Stejneger, 1896 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 18, p. 620 Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, 1895 Texas Blind Salamander NL honors Richard Rathbun OD Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, 1896 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 18, p. 620 Typhlomolge robusta Longley, 1978 Blanco Blind Salamander L. robusta strong, tough bodied — ref. robustness of species compared to T. rathbuni OD Typhlomolge robusta Longley, 1978 - Endangered Species Report, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM, Vol. 2, pp. 1-10 Typhlotriton Stejneger, 1892 GROTTO SALAMANDER Gr. typhlos blind and Gr. triton sea god and European genus of salamander — refers to loss of eyes in cave habitat OD Typhlotriton Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 15, p. 115 Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger, 1892 Grotto Salamander L. spelaeum cave — type locality, Rock House Cave, Barry Cty., MO OD Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 15, p. 116, pl. 9 Frogs and ToadsAcris Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 CRICKET FROGS Gr. akris locust — ref. call of genus, like insect song OD Acris Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 506 Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 Northern Cricket Frog L. crepitans clattering — ref. repititious clicking call OD Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 59 Acris crepitans blanchardi Harper, 1947 Blanchard's Cricket Frog NL honors Frank N. Blanchard OD Acris crepitans blanchardi Harper, 1947 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 60, p. 39 Acris crepitans crepitans Baird, 1854 Northern Cricket Frog L. crepitans clattering — ref. repeating clicking call OD Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 59 Acris crepitans paludicola Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949 Coastal Cricket Frog L. paludicola inhabitant of a marsh — ref. habitat of species OD Acris crepitans paludicola Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949 - Journ. Tennessee Acad. Sci., Vol. 24, p. 131 Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Cricket Frog L. gryllus cricket, grasshopper — ref. similarity of call to cricket sound OD Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282 Acris gryllus dorsalis (Harlan, 1827) Florida Cricket Frog L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — OD Acris gryllus dorsalis (Harlan, 1827) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 340 Acris gryllus gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Cricket Frog L. gryllus cricket, grasshopper — ref. similarity of call to cricket sound OD Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282 Ascaphus Stejneger, 1899 TAILED FROG Gr. a without and Gr. skaphis spade — notes lack of metatarsal spade OD Ascaphus Stejneger, 1899 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 21, p. 899 Ascaphus truei Stejneger, 1899 Tailed Frog NL honors Frederick W. True OD Ascaphus truei Stejneger, 1899 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 21, p. 900, pl. 89, figs. 1-4 Bufo Laurenti, 1768 TRUE TOADS L. bufo toad — Toads have been known since ancient times. OD Bufo Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 25 Bufo alvarius Girard, 1859 Colorado River Toad L. alvus the womb or belly and L. -arius belonging to — OD Bufo alvarius Girard, 1859 - in Baird, Report U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., p. 26, pl. 41, figs. 1-6 Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 American Toad NL belonging to America — poss. ref. wide distribution OD Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 9 Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook, 1836 Eastern American Toad NL belonging to America "most widely diffused of all American toads" OD Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 9 Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bragg, 1954 Dwarf American Toad NL honors Charles C. Smith OD Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bragg, 1954 - Wasmann Journ. Biol., Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 245 Bufo americanus copei Yarrow and Henshaw, 1878 [:x] NL honors Edward Drinker Cope OD Bufo americanus copei Yarrow and Henshaw, 1878 - Report Batr. Calif. Ariz. Nev., p. 207; reprint p. 4 Bufo baxteri Porter, 1964 Wyoming Toad NL honors George Baxter OD Bufo baxteri Porter, 1968 - Evolution, Vol. 22, p. 593 Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Toad Gr. boreas north wind or northern — ref. northern range OD Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174 Bufo boreas boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 Boreal Toad Gr. boreas north wind or northern — ref. northern range OD Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174 Bufo boreas halophilus Baird and Girard, 1853 California Toad Gr. halos sea, salt and Gr. philos having an affinity for — ref. coastal distribution OD Bufo boreas halophilus Baird and Girard, 1853 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 301 Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 Amargosa Toad NL honors Edward William Nelson OD Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 220, pl. 3, figs. 4a and 4b Bufo californicus Camp, 1915 Arroyo Toad NL belonging to the state of California — ref. to type locality Ventura County, CA, 1912 OD Bufo californicus Camp, 1915 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, p. 331 Bufo canorus Camp, 1916 Yosemite Toad L. canorus tuneful — "melodious trill uttered by this toad" OD Bufo canorus Camp, 1916 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 6, p. 59 Bufo cognatus Say, 1823 Great Plains Toad L. cognatus related by birth — OD Bufo cognatus Say, 1823 - in James, Long's Exp. Rocky Mts., Vol. 2, p. 190 Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 Green Toad L. debilis lame, crippled or frail — OD Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 87 Bufo debilis debilis Girard, 1854 Eastern Green Toad L. debilis lame, crippled or frail — OD Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 87 Bufo debilis insidior Girard, 1854 Western Green Toad L. insidior to lay in wait for, cunning — OD Bufo debilis insidior Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 88 Bufo exsul Myers, 1942 Black Toad L. exsul exile, refugee — ref. isolated distribution OD Bufo exsul Myers, 1942 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 460, p. 3, pl. 1 and 2 Bufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882 Fowler's Toad NL honors Samuel Fowler OD Bufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882 - Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 21, p. 310 Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886 Canadian Toad Gr. hemi half and Gr. ophrys brow, eyebrow — poss. ref. to eye shape OD Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 515 Bufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 Houston Toad NL belongs to Houston — holotype collected in Houston, TX, l952 OD Bufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 27, fig. 1 Bufo marinus (Linneaus, 1758) Cane Toad L. marinus pertaining to the sea — Linnaeus described from a drawing in Seba (1734) who mistakenly believed the species lived on land and in the sea OD Bufo marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 211 Bufo microscaphus Cope, 1867 Arizona Toad Gr. mikros small and Gr. skaphis shovel — ref. tarsal spade OD Bufo microscaphus Cope, "1866" 1867 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, Oct., p. 301 Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard, 1852 Red-spotted Toad L. punctatus spotted — ref. spotted dorsal pattern OD Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173 Bufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840 Oak Toad L. quercus oak tree and L. -icus belonging to — ref. habitat OD Bufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, p. 109, pl. 22 Bufo retiformis Sanders and Smith, 1951 Sonoran Green Toad L. retis of a net and L. forma shape and L. -is pertaining to — ref. net-like dorsal pattern of black lines OD Bufo retiformis Sanders and Smith, 1951 - Field and Laboratory, Vol. 19, p. 153, pl. 3, fig. 1 Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854 Texas Toad L. speciosus showy, beautiful — misnomer, it's an ugly toad OD Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 86 Bufo terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789) Southern Toad L. terrestris pertaining to the earth — ref. burrowing habits OD Bufo terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789) - Tabl. Encycl. Meth. Trois Reg. Nat., Erp., p. 8 Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 Gulf Coast Toad L. vallis hollow and NL ceps head — ref. valley between cranial crests OD Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 - Herpetologische Beitrage. Isis von Oken, Vol. 26, p. 657 Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 Woodhouse's Toad NL honors Samuel W. Woodhouse OD Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 86 Bufo woodhousii australis Shannon and Lowe, 1955 Southwestern Woodhouse's Toad L. australis southern — ref. southern Arizona distribution OD Bufo woodhousii australis Shannon and Lowe, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 185 Bufo woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders, 1951 East Texas Toad L. velum a veil and L. -atus provided with — OD Bufo woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders, 1951 - Wasmann Journ. Biol. Vol. 9, p. 366, figs. 1-4 Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 TROPICAL FROGS Gr. eleutheros, free, unbound Gr. dactylos finger, toe — ref. no toe webbing OD Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 620 Eleutherodactylus augusti (Duges, 1879) Barking Frog NL honors Auguste H.A. Dumeril OD Eleutherodactylus augusti (Duges, 1879) - in Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Ser. 7, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 21 Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum Taylor, 1939 Western Barking Frog Gr. kaktos prickly plant and L. -orum of the — ref. type specimen collected in a cactus patch OD Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum Taylor, "1938" 1939 - Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., Vol. 25, No. 17, p. 391 Eleutherodactylus augusti latrans (Cope, 1880) Eastern Barking Frog L. latrans barking — ref. call of breeding males OD Eleutherodactylus augusti latrans (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 25 Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides (Cope, 1877) Rio Grande Chirping Frog Gr. kystis pouch, bladder and Gr. gnathos jaw L. -oides having a likeness to — poss. ref. to vocal sac of breeding males OD Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 89 Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides campi (Stejneger, 1915) Rio Grande Chirping Frog NL honors Robert Denham Camp OD Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides campi Stejneger, 1915 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 28, p. 131 Eleutherodactylus guttilatus (Cope, 1879) Spotted Chirping Frog L. gutta spotted and L. latus flank or side — OD Eleutherodactylus guttilatus (Cope, 1879) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 18, p. 264 Eleutherodactylus marnockii Cope, 1878 Cliff Chirping Frog NL honors Gabriel Wilson Marnoch OD Eleutherodactylus marnockii Cope, 1878 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 12, p. 253 Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843 NARROWMOUTH TOADS Gr. gastros belly and Gr. phryne toad — pres. ref. to pot belly OD Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 33 Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook, 1836) Eastern Narrowmouth Toad NL belonging to the state of South Carolina — ref. Charleston, SC OD Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 83, pl. 11 Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1857) Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad L. olivacea being olive green in color — ref. characteristic olivaceous dorsum OD Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, "1856" 1857) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 252 Hyla Laurenti, 1768 TREEFROGS Gr. honors Hylas companion of Hercules — ref. incessant cry OD Hyla Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 32 Hyla andersonii Baird, 1854 Pine Barrens Treefrog NL of Anderson, SC — misnomer, presumed found in SC, l854 OD Hyla andersonii Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60 Hyla arenicolor Cope, 1886 Canyon Treefrog L. arena sand, sandy area and L. color color or tone — ref. dorsal coloration OD Hyla arenicolor Cope, 1886 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 84 Hyla avivoca Viosca, 1928 Bird-voiced Treefrog L. avis bird and L. voca call, cry — ref. call of male frog OD Hyla avivoca Viosca, 1928 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 41, p. 89 Hyla cadaverina Cope, 1866 California Treefrog L. cadaver a corpse and L. -ina having the appearance of — ref. pale corpse-like appearance in life OD Hyla cadaverina Cope, 1866 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 84 Hyla chrysoscelis Cope, 1880 Cope's Gray Treefrog Gr. chrysos gold and Gr. kelis spot or stain — ref. coloration inside of hind legs OD Hyla chrysoscelis Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 29 Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1792) Green Treefrog L. cinerea ash-colored — ref. color in preservative OD Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1799) - Hist. Amph., Vol. 1, p. 174 Hyla eximia Baird, 1854 Mountain Treefrog L. eximia uncommon, distinguished — ref. striking appearance OD Hyla eximia Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 61 Hyla femoralis Bosc, in Daudin, 1800 Pine Woods Treefrog L. femuralis pertaining to the hindleg — poss. ref. leg markings OD Hyla femoralis Bosc, 1800 - in Daudin, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip., Vol. 1, p. 10 Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, 1856 Barking Treefrog L. gratiosa favored or beloved — OD Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 146, pl. 4 Hyla squirella Bosc, 1800 Squirrel Treefrog Eng. squirrel and L. -ella diminutive "little" — poss. allusion to the chattering call OD Hyla squirella Bosc, 1800 - in Daudin, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip., Vol. 1, p. 9 Hyla versicolor Le Conte, 1823 Gray Treefrog L. versi changing, variable and L. color color — ref. ability to change color OD Hyla versicolor Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 281 Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867 SHEEP FROGS Gr. hypo under, beneath or lesser Gr. pachos thickness — OD Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867 - Nachr. Ges. Wiss Gottingen, Vol. 18, p. 351 Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) Sheep Frog NL variola full of small spots, like small pox — ref. pattern OD Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 131 Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 TROPICAL FROGS Gr. leptos fine, slender, thin and Gr. daktylos fingers, digits — OD Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 - Neue Classif. der Rept., p. 38 Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877)[:x] L. fragilis fragile or brittle — OD Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877) - Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Ser. 7, Vol. 1, p. 182 Leptodactylus labialis (Cope, 1877) White-lipped Frog L. labialis pertaining to the lips — OD Leptodactylus labialis (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 90 Limnaoedus Mittleman and List, 1953 [:x] Gr. limne marsh and Gr. aoidos singer — ref. marshy habitat and chorusing ability OD Limnaoedus Mittleman and List, 1953 - Copeia, Vol. 2, p. 83 Osteopilus Fitzinger, 1843 WEST INDIAN TREEFROGS Gr. osteon bone Gr. pileos cap — ref. co-ossified skin on top of head OD Osteopilus Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept. p. 30 Osteopilus septentrionalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 Cuban Treefrog L. septentrionalis northern — the describers thought preserved specimen came from Norway! OD Osteopilus septentrionalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 538 Pseudacris Fitzinger, 1843 CHORUS FROGS Gr. pseudes false, deceptive and Gr. akris locust — means "false Acris" with ref. to genus Acris OD Pseudacris Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 31 Pseudacris brachyphona (Cope, 1889) Mountain Chorus Frog Gr. brachys short and Gr. phone sound or voice — ref. short trill OD Pseudacris brachyphona (Cope, 1889) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 34, p. 341 Pseudacris brimleyi Brandt and Walker, 1933 Brimley's Chorus Frog NL honors Clement Samuel Brimley OD Pseudacris brimleyi Brandt and Walker, 1933 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 272, p. 2 Pseudacris clarkii (Baird, 1854) Spotted Chorus Frog NL honors John Henry Clark OD Pseudacris clarkii (Baird, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60 Pseudacris crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Spring Peeper L. crucis cross and L. -ifer bearer — ref. to crossed dorsal markings OD Pseudacris crucifer (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 5, p. 275 Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana (Harper, 1939) Southern Spring Peeper NL honors William Bartram OD Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana (Harper, 1939) - Notulae Naturae, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, No. 27, p. 1 Pseudacris crucifer crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Northern Spring Peeper L. crucis cross and L. -ifer bearer — ref. to crossed dorsal markings OD Pseudacris crucifer (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 5, p. 275 Pseudacris feriarum (Baird, 1854) Upland Chorus Frog L. feriarum holidays, leisure — OD Pseudacris feriarum (Baird, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60 Pseudacris illinoensis Smith, 1951 Illinois Chorus Frog NL belonging to the state of IL — type specimen collected in 1950 by a U of IL herpetology class OD Pseudacris illinoensis Smith, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 191 Pseudacris kalmi Harper, 1955 New Jersey Chorus Frog NL honors Pehr Kalm OD Pseudacris feriarum kalmi Harper, 1955 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sciences], No. 150, p. 1 Pseudacris maculata (Agassiz, 1850) Boreal Chorus Frog L. maculata spotted — OD Pseudacris maculata (Agassiz, 1850) - Lake Superior, p. 378, pl. 6, figs. 1-3 Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Chorus Frog NL nigrita blackened — "above black, speckled w/small white warts" OD Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282 Pseudacris nigrita nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Chorus Frog NL nigrita blackened — "above black, speckled w/small white warts" OD Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282 Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa (Cope, 1877) Florida Chorus Frog L. verrucosa full of warts — ref. skin texture OD Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 87 Pseudacris ocularis (Bosc and Daudin, 1801) Little Grass Frog L. ocularis of the eye — ref. ocular stripe OD Pseudacris ocularis (Bosc and Daudin, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 187 Pseudacris ornata (Holbrook, 1836) Ornate Chorus Frog L. ornata decorated or ornate — ref. ornate dorsal markings OD Pseudacris ornata (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 97, pl. 16 Pseudacris regilla Baird and Girard, 1852 Pacific Treefrog L. regilla regal, splendid — prob. ref. markings — formerly Hyla regilla OD Hyla or Pseudacris regilla (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174 Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright, 1933 Strecker's Chorus Frog NL honors John K. Strecker, Jr. OD Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright, 1933 - Handbook of Frogs and Toads, p. 26, pl. 35 Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838) Western Chorus Frog L. tri three and L. seriata lines or serrations — ref. dark lines on dorsum OD Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 4, p. 249 Pternohyla Boulenger, 1882 BURROWING TREEFROGS Gr. pterna heel and Gr. hyla genus Hyla — ref. spade-like inner metatarsal tubercles OD Pternohyla Boulenger, 1882 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 10, p. 326 Pternohyla fodiens Boulenger, 1882 Lowland Burrowing Treefrog L. fodiens digging — describer presumed spade-like inner metatarsal tubercles were adapted for digging OD Pternohyla fodiens Boulenger, 1882 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 10, p. 326 Rana Linnaeus, 1758 TRUE FROGS L. rana frog — "Rana" probably mimics how the Romans heard their call. OD Rana Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 210 Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 Crawfish Frog L. areolata marked with small spaces or — ref. light margined dorsal spots rings of color OD Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173 Rana areolata areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 Southern Crawfish Frog L. areolata marked with small spaces or — ref. light margined dorsal spots rings of color OD Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173 Rana areolata circulosa Rice and Davies, 1878 Northern Crawfish Frog L. circuli circles, rings and L. -osa full of — ref. light margined spots OD Rana areolata circulosa Rice and Davis, 1878 - in Jordan, Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northeastern U.S., Ed. 2, p. 355 Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 Red-legged Frog L. aurora dawn, red — ref. red color of underside of hind legs OD Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174 Rana aurora aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 Northern Red-legged Frog L. aurora dawn, red — ref. red color of underside of hind legs OD Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174 Rana aurora draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852 California Red-legged Frog NL honors Joseph Drayton OD Rana aurora draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174 Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 Rio Grande Leopard Frog NL honors Jean Louis Berlandier OD Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 - Report U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, Vol. 2, Pt. 2, Rept., p. 27, pl. 36, figs. 7-10 Rana blairi Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown, 1973 Plains Leopard Frog NL honors W. Frank Blair OD Rana blairi Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown, 1973 - Occ. Pap. Texas Tech. Univ., Vol. 18, p. 3 Rana boylii Baird, 1854 Foothill Yellow-legged Frog NL honors C.C. Boyle OD Rana boylii Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 62 Rana capito Le Conte, 1855 Gopher Frog (nominate subspecies "Carolina Gopher Frog") L. capito one that has a large head — ref. large head OD Rana capito Le Conte, 1855 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 425, pl. 5 Rana capito aesopus Cope, 1886 Florida Gopher Frog L. aesopus dwarf — poss. ref. hump back OD Rana capito aesopus Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 517 Rana capito sevosa Goin and Netting, 1940 Dusky Gopher Frog L. sevosa full of tallow or grease — ref. slimy or tallowy appearance OD Rana capito sevosa Goin and Netting, 1940 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 28, p. 137, pl. 12, figs. 1 and 2 Rana cascadae Slater, 1939 Cascades Frog NL of the Cascade Mountains, WA — "named from the region in which it was first found" OD Rana cascadae Slater, 1939 - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 145 Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 Bullfrog NL honors Mark Catesby OD Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, Pt. 1, p. 106, pl. 33 Rana chiricahuensis Platz and Mecham, 1979 Chiricahua Leopard Frog NL belongs to the Chiricahua Mountains, AZ — ref. type locality, 1971 OD Rana chiricahuensis Platz and Mecham, 1979 - Copeia, p. 383 Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 Green Frog L. clamitans loud calling — ref. loud cry of this frog OD Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 157 Rana clamitans clamitans Latreille, 1801 Bronze Frog L. clamitans loud calling — ref. loud cry of this frog OD Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 157 Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque, 1820) Green Frog Gr. melaina black and Gr. nota mark — ref. dark spots OD Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., p. 5 Rana grylio Stejneger, 1901 Pig Frog Gr. grylos pig — "their voice...resembling the grunt of a herd of pigs..." OD Rana grylio Stejneger, 1901 - Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 24, p. 212 Rana heckscheri Wright, 1924 River Frog NL honors August Heckscher OD Rana heckscheri Wright, 1924 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 37, p. 143, pl. 11 and 12, fig. 2 Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913 Columbia Spotted Frog L. luteus golden-yellow and L. ventris of the belly — prob. ref. yellow tummy OD Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913 - Proc. Biol. So. Wash., Vol. 26, p. 53, pl. 3, figs. 2-3 [tc] Rana maslini Porter, 1969 Maslin's Wood Frog NL honors T. Paul Maslin OD Rana maslini Porter, 1969 - Herpetologica, Vol. 25, p. 213 Rana muscosa Camp, 1917 Mountain Yellow-legged Frog L. muscosa mossy, full of moss — ref. dorsal lichen-like dark dorsal patches OD Rana muscosa Camp, 1917 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 9, p. 118 Rana okaloosae Moler, 1985 Florida Bog Frog NL.. of Okaloosa, Florida — prob. ref. type locality OD Rana okaloosae Moler, 1985 - Copeia, p. 379 Rana onca Cope, 1875 Relict Leopard Frog NL onca spotted cat — ref. to leopard spots as in Panthera onca OD Rana onca Cope, 1875 - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 528 Rana palustris Le Conte, 1825 Pickerel Frog L. palustris of the marsh — "...or marsh frog" OD Rana palustris Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282 Rana pipiens Schreber, 1782 Northern Leopard Frog L. pipiens peeping — collector heard Spring Peepers, collected this species thinking that the loud whistle came from the larger frog. OD Rana pipiens Schreber, 1782 - Naturforscher, Vol. 18, p. 185, pl. 4 Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853 Oregon Spotted Frog L. pretiosa to be prized or worth the effort — may refer to vivid adult coloration OD Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 378 Rana septentrionalis Baird, 1854 Mink Frog L. septentrionalis northern — ref. Canadian and northern U.S. distribution OD Rana septentrionalis Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 61 Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886 Florida Leopard Frog Gr. sphenos wedge and Gr. kephalos headed — OD Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 517 Rana sphenocephala utricularia Harlan 1825 Southern Leopard Frog L. utricularius bearing a little bag — ref. throat pouches in the male OD Rana spenocephala utricularius Harlan, 1825 - Amer. Journal Sci. Arts, Vol. 10, p. 60 Rana subaquavocalis Platz, 1993 Ramsey Canyon Leopard Frog L. sub- below and L. aqua water and L. vocalis calling from — ref. habit of males to call from underwater OD Rana subaquavocalis Platz, 1993 [nc][tc] Rana sylvatica Le Conte, 1825 Wood Frog L. sylvatica amidst the trees — "...or wood frog" OD Rana sylvatica Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282 Rana tarahumarae Boulenger, 1917 Tarahumara Frog NL of the Sierra Tarahumare — type locality, Mexico, 1917 OD Rana tarahumarae Boulenger, 1917 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. 20, p. 416 Rana virgatipes Cope, 1891 Carpenter Frog L. virgatus striped L. pes foot — ref. to striped markings on rear feet OD Rana virgatipes Cope, 1891 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 25, p. 1017 Rana yavapaiensis Platz and Frost, 1984 Lowland Leopard Frog NL.. belonging to the Yavapai Native American group — prob. ref. type locality OD Rana yavapaiensis Platz and Frost, 1984 - Copeia, 940-948 Rhinophrynus Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1841 BURROWING TOAD Gr. rhinos nose and Gr. phrynos toad — poss. ref. appearance OD Rhinophrynus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 757 Rhinophrynus dorsalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 Mexican Burrowing Toad L. dorsalis of the back — poss. ref. appearance OD Rhinophrynus dorsalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 758 Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 SOUTHERN SPADEFOOTS Gr. skaphis shovel or spade and Gr. pous foot — ref. shape and adaptation of hind foot for digging OD Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 85 Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854 Couch's Spadefoot NL honors Darius N. Couch OD Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 62 Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835) Eastern Spadefoot NL honors John E. Holbrook OD Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835) - Medical and Physical Researches, p. 105 Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker, 1910 Hurter's Spadefoot NL honors Julius Hurter, Sr. OD Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker, 1910 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 23, p. 116 Smilisca Cope, 1865 MEXICAN TREEFROGS Gr. smiliskos little knife — ref. sharp pointed frontoparietal processes OD Smilisca Cope, 1865 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 17, p. 194 Smilisca baudinii (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) Mexican Treefrog NL honors Nicholas Baudin OD Smilisca baudinii (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 564 Spea Cope, 1866 WESTERN SPADEFOOTS Gr. speos cave, cavern — OD Spea Cope, 1866 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, 2nd Series, p. 81 Spea bombifrons (Cope, 1863) Plains Spadefoot Gr. bombos buzzing and L. frons leaf or frond — OD Spea bombifrons (Cope, 1863) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 53 Spea hammondii (Baird, 1859) Western Spadefoot NL honors John F. Hammond OD Spea hammondii (Baird, 1859) - Rep. Pacif. R.R. Survey, Vol. 10, Williamson's Route, Pt. 4, No. 4, p. 12, pl. 28, fig. 2 ["1857" 1859] Spea intermontana (Cope, 1883) Great Basin Spadefoot L. inter between and L. montis mountain and L. -anus belonging to — ref. to Great Basin locality OD Spea intermontana (Cope, 1883) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 35, p. 15 Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) New Mexico Spadefoot L. multi many and L. plicatus folded, braided OD Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 52 TurtlesApalone Rafinesque, 1832 SOFTSHELLS Gr. apalos soft, tender — ref. soft shell OD Apalone Rafinesque, 1832 - Atlantic J. Friend Knowledge Philadelphia, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 64 Apalone ferox (Schneider, 1783) Florida Softshell L. ferox wild, savage — ref. to ferocious disposition attributed to the species OD Apalone ferox (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 330 Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) Smooth Softshell L. muticus curtailed, unarmed — ref. lack of tubercles on front edge of carapace OD Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 263, pl. 7 Apalone mutica calvata (Webb, 1959) Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell L. calvatus made bare or bald — ref. smooth front edge of upper shell OD Apalone mutica calvata (Webb, 1959) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, No. 9, p. 519 Apalone mutica mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) Midland Smooth Softshell L. muticus curtailed, unarmed — ref. lack of tubercles on front edge of carapace OD Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 263, pl. 7 Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) Spiny Softshell L. spina thorn or spine and L. -ifer bearing — ref. spine-like tubercules along front edge of upper shell OD Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 258, pl. 6 Apalone spinifera aspera (Agassiz, 1857) Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell L. asper rough, harsh — ref. occasional rounded prominences on upper shell of large females OD Apalone spinifera aspera (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 405 Apalone spinifera emoryi (Agassiz, 1857) Texas Spiny Softshell NL honors William H. Emory OD Apalone spinifera emoryi (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 407; Vol. 2, pl. 6, figs. 4 and 5 Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (Webb, 1962) Guadalupe Spiny Softshell NL belonging to the Guadalupe River, TX — type locality, McMullen County, TX, 1962 OD Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (Webb, 1962) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 517 Apalone spinifera hartwegi (Conant and Goin, 1941) Western Spiny Softshell NL honors Norman E. Hartweg OD Apalone spinifera hartwegi (Conant and Goin, 1948) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 510, p. 1, map 1, pl. 1 and 2 Apalone spinifera pallida (Webb, 1962) Pallid Spiny Softshell L. pallidus pale — ref. to juvenile pattern OD Apalone spinifera pallida (Webb, 1962) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 522 Apalone spinifera spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) Eastern Spiny Softshell L. spina thorn or spine and L. -ifer bearing — ref. spine-like tubercules along front edge of upper shell OD Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 258, pl. 6 Caretta Rafinesque, 1814 LOGGERHEADS Sp. carey type of turtle and L.-etta little — poss. ref. smaller size than other sea turtles OD Caretta Rafinesque, 1814 - Rafinesque, Specchio Sci., Palermo, Vol. 2, No. 9, Sept. 1, p. 66 Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) Loggerhead Sp. carey type of turtle and L.-etta little — poss. ref. smaller size than other sea turtles OD Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 197 Chelonia Brongniart, 1800 GREEN TURTLES Gr. chelone tortoise — OD Chelonia Brongniart, 1800 - Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, Vol. 2, p. 89 Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) Green Turtle Gr. mydos wetness, dampness — ref. aquatic habitat OD Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 197 Chelonia mydas agassizii Bocourt, 1868 [:x] NL honors Jean Louis R. Agassiz OD Chelonia mydas agassizii Bocourt, 1868 - Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 5, Zool., Vol. 10, Pts. 1-3, p. 122 Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 SNAPPING TURTLES Gr. chelys turtle and Gr. hydros water serpent — ref. aquatic nature of genus OD Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 - Konigsberg. Arch. Natur. Math., Vol. 1, Pt. 3, p. 292 Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Snapping Turtle L. serpentina snake-like — ref. snake-like neck OD Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 199 Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger, 1918 Florida Snapping Turtle NL Osceola, FL — honors "Seminole Osceola" OD Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger, 1918 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 31, p. 89 Chelydra serpentina serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Snapping Turtle L. serpentina snake-like — ref. snake-like neck OD Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 199 Chrysemys Gray, 1844 PAINTED TURTLES Gr. khrysos golden, yellow or lt. green and Gr. emys turtle — prob. ref. yellow stripes on head of all members of this genus OD Chrysemys Gray, 1844 - Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 27 Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) Painted Turtle L. picta painted, embroidered — prob. ref. delicate shell pattern OD Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 348 Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray, 1831) Western Painted Turtle NL honors Thomas Bell. OD Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray, 1831) - Syn. Rept., p. 31 Chrysemys picta dorsalis Agassiz, 1857 Southern Painted Turtle L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. dorsal stripe OD Chrysemys picta dorsalis Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 440 Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz, 1857 Midland Painted Turtle L. marginata bordered — -ref. marginal scute markings OD Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 439; Vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 5, figs. 1-4 Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider, 1783) Eastern Painted Turtle L. picta painted, embroidered — prob. ref. delicate shell pattern OD Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 348 Clemmys Ritgen, 1828 POND TURTLES Gr. klemmys turtle or tortoise — OD Clemmys Ritgen, 1828 - Nova Acta Acad. Leopold.-Carol., Vol. 14, Pt. 1, p. 272 Clemmys guttata (Schneider, 1792) Spotted Turtle L. guttata spotted, speckled — ref. random yellow spots on carapace OD Clemmys guttata (Schneider, 1792) - Schr. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, Vol. 10, p. 264 Clemmys insculpta (Le Conte, 1830) Wood Turtle L. insculpta carved, engraved — ref. sculpturing of carapacial scutes OD Clemmys insculpta (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 112 Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) Western Pond Turtle L. marmorata marbled — ref. marbled carapacial pattern OD Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177 Clemmys marmorata marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) Northwestern Pond Turtle L. marmorata marbled — ref. marbled carapace pattern OD Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177 Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger, 1945 Southwestern Pond Turtle L. pallida pale — ref. light background color of sides and ventral surface of neck OD Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger, 1945 - Copeia, p. 158, figs. 4 and 5 Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepff, 1801) Bog Turtle NL honors Gotthilf H. Muhlenberg OD Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepf, 1801) - Hist. Testud., Pt. 6, p. 132, pl. 31 Deirochelys Agassiz, 1857 CHICKEN TURTLES Gr. deire neck and Gr. chelys tortoise — poss. allusion to extra long neck OD Deirochelys Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 441 Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1801) Chicken Turtle L. reticulum a net and L. -aria like, or connected with — ref. to carapace pattern OD Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1801) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 124 Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz, 1956 Florida Chicken Turtle Gr. chrysea golden — ref. plastron color OD Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chicago Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 41, p. 476 Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz, 1956 Western Chicken Turtle Gr. miaria defiled, stained — -ref. to plastral pattern OD Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chicago Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 41, p. 486 Deirochelys reticularia reticularia (Latreille, 1801) Eastern Chicken Turtle L. reticulum a net and L. -aria like, or connected with — ref. to carapace pattern OD Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1801) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 124 Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 LEATHERBACKS Gr. derma skin and Gr. chelys turtle — ref. soft skin covering shell OD Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 - Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, p. 111 bis [=119] Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) Leatherback L. corium leather and L. -acea having the nature or color of — ref. leathery carapace OD Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) - "Epistola de Holothurio, et Testudine coriacea ad celeberrimum" Carolum Linnaeum Equitum Naturae Curiosum Dioscorcidem II. Conzatti, Patavii (Padova). 12 pp. Emydoidea Gray, 1870 BLANDING'S TURTLE Gr. emydos freshwater turtle and Gr. -eidos similarity to a — ref. confusing similarity to Emys OD Emydoidea Gray, 1870 - Supp. Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., Pt. 1, p. 19 Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook, 1838) Blanding's Turtle NL honors William Blanding OD Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 35, pl. 5 Eretmochelys Fitzinger, 1843 HAWKSBILLS Gr. eretmo oar and Gr. chelys turtle — ref. to forelimb shape OD Eretmochelys Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 30 Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) Hawksbill L. imbricata overlapping — prob. ref. scute pattern OD Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 350 Eretmochelys imbricata bissa (Ruppell, 1835) Pacific Hawksbill L. bis double, twice and L. -sa suffix — ref. concept of bissa as second species of Caretta OD Eretmochelys imbricata bissa (Ruppell, 1835) - Neue Wirbelthiere zu de Fauna Von Abyssinien Gehorig, Vol. 3 , Amph., p. 4, pl. 2 Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) Atlantic Hawksbill L. imbricata overlapping — prob. ref. scute pattern OD Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 350 Gopherus Rafinesque, 1832 GOPHER TORTOISES Fr. gaufre small burrowing animal — poss. ref. burrowing habits OD Gopherus Rafinesque, 1832 - Atlantic Journ., Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 64 Gopherus agassizii (Cooper, 1863) Desert Tortoise NL honors Jean Louis R. Agassiz OD Gopherus agassizii (Cooper, 1863) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 120 Gopherus berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857) Texas Tortoise NL honors Jean Louis Berlandier OD Gopherus berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 447; Vol. 2, pl. 3, figs. 17-19 Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin, 1802) Gopher Tortoise Gr. refers to Polyphemus, a mythological cave-dwelling giant OD Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin, 1802) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 256 Graptemys Agassiz, 1857 MAP TURTLES Gr. graptos inscribed, written, engraved and Gr. emys turtle — poss. ref. markings on upper shell, which resemble topographic maps OD Graptemys Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 436 Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand, 1942 Barbour's Map Turtle NL honors Thomas Barbour OD Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand, 1942 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 20, p. 98, pls. 14 and 15 Graptemys caglei Haynes and McKown, 1974 Cagle's Map Turtle NL honors Fred Ray Cagle OD Graptemys caglei Haynes and McKown, 1974 - Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot., Vol. 18, No. 4, p. 143 Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy, 1992 Escambia Map Turtle NL honors Carl Ernst OD Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy, 1992 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 61, pages 293-315 (293) Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle, 1954 Yellow-blotched Map Turtle L. flavus yellow or light green and L. maculata spotted — ref. to yellow blotches on scutes on upper shell. OD Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle, 1954 - Tulane Stud. Zool., Vol. 1, No. 11, p. 167, fig. 2 Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur, 1817) Common Map Turtle Gr. geo world and Gr. graph map and Gr. -ikos belongs to — markings on the upper shell resemble topographic maps. OD Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur, 1817) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 86, pl. 5 Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy, 1992 NCN NL honors J. Whitfield ("Whit") Gibbons OD Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy, 1992 - Ann. Carnegie Museum 61:293-315. Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle, 1954 Black-knobbed Map Turtle L. nigra black and L. noda knob — ref. conspicuous, black, knob-like vertebral spines OD Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle, 1954 - Tulane Stud. Zool., Vol. 1, No. 11, p. 173, fig. 1 Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts and Mount, 1969 Delta Map Turtle L. delta triangle or mouth of river and L. -icola inhabitant of — type locality, Baldwin County, near Mobile Bay, 1968 OD Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts and Mount, 1969 - Copeia, p. 677 Graptemys nigrinoda nigrinoda Cagle, 1954 Black-knobbed Map Turtle L. nigra black and L. noda knob — ref. conspicuous, black, knob-like vertebral spines OD Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle, 1954 - Tulane Stud. Zool., Vol. 1, No. 11, p. 173, fig. 1 Graptemys oculifera (Baur, 1890) Ringed Map Turtle L. oculus eye and L. -ifera bearing — ref. to circular "eye-shaped" markings on scutes of upper shell. OD Graptemys oculifera (Baur, 1890) - Science, Ser. 1, Vol. 16, p. 262 Graptemys ouachitensis Cagle, 1953 Ouachita Map Turtle NL belonging to the Ouachita Mountains, AR — type locality, 1950 OD Graptemys ouachitensis Cagle, 1953 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 546, p. 10 Graptemys ouchitensis ouachitensis Cagle, 1953 Ouachita Map Turtle NL belonging to the Ouachita Mountains, AR — type locality, 1950 OD Graptemys ouachitensis Cagle, 1953 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 546, p. 10 Graptemys ouchitensis sabinensis Cagle, 1953 Sabine Map Turtle NL sabine Sabine River, LA and L. -ensis belongs to the — type locality, 1950 OD Graptemys ouachitensis sabinensis Cagle, 1953 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 546, p. 2 Graptemys pseudogeographica (Gray, 1831) False Map Turtle Gr. pseudo deceptive and Gr. geographica resembling a world map or sailing chart — indicates that this is not Graptemys geographica with which it was apparently confused OD Graptemys pseudogeographica (Gray, 1831) - Syn. Rept., p. 31 Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii (Baur, 1893) Mississippi Map Turtle NL honors Joseph Gustave Kohn OD Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii (Baur, 1890) - Science, Ser. 1, Vol. 16, p. 263 Graptemys pulchra Baur, 1893 Alabama Map Turtle L. pulchra beautiful — OD Graptemys pulchra Baur, 1893 - Amer. Nat., Zool., Vol. 27, p. 675 Graptemys versa Stejneger, 1925 Texas Map Turtle L. versa bent or twisted — ref. to head pattern OD Graptemys versa Stejneger, 1925 - Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 15, No. 20, p. 463 Kinosternon Spix, 1824 MUD TURTLES Gr. kineo move and Gr. sternon chest, breast — ref. their ability to move lower shell OD Kinosternon Spix, 1824 - Testud. Brasil, p. 17 Kinosternon baurii (Garman, 1891) Striped Mud Turtle NL honors George H. Baur OD Kinosternon baurii (Garman, 1891) - Bull. Essex. Inst., Vol. 23, p. 141 (Note nomination of Baur, page 4 same journal) Kinosternon flavescens (Agassiz, 1857) Yellow Mud Turtle L. flavus yellow and L. -escens becoming ("-ish") — ref. yellow color on underside of jaw and throat OD Kinosternon flavescens (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 430; Vol. 2, pl. 5, figs. 12-15 Kinosternon flavescens arizonense Gilmore, 1922 Southwestern Mud Turtle NL belonging to the state of Arizona — described from two presumed fossils, Cochise Cty., AZ, 1921. OD Kinosternon flavescens arizonense Gilmore, 1922 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 62, Art. 5, p. 2 Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith, 1951 Illinois Mud Turtle NL honors Charles S. Spooner OD Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, No. 10, p. 195 Kinosternon hirtipes (Wagler, 1830) Mexican Mud Turtle L. hirtus rough and L. pes foot — ref. rough scales on feet OD Kinosternon hirtipes (Wagler, 1833) - Nat. Syst. Amph., Vol. 3, Tab 30, p. 137, fig. 1-2 and 3 Kinosternon hirtipes murrayi Glass and Hartweg, 1951 Big Bend Mud Turtle NL honors Leo Tilden Murray OD Kinosternon hirtipes murrayi Glass and Hartweg, 1951 - Copeia, p. 50, fig. 1 Kinosternon sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854) Sonoran Mud Turtle NL belonging to Sonora Province, Mexico — type locality, "Tucson in Sonora" OD Kinosternon sonoriense Le Conte, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 184 Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Iverson, 1981 Sonoyta Mud Turtle L. longi long, large and L. femuralis of the femoral scute — ref. long interfemoral seam OD Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Iverson, 1981 - Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot., Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 43 Kinosternon subrubrum (Lacepede, 1788) Eastern Mud Turtle L. sub below and L. rubrum red — ref. red-orange plastron of hatchlings OD Kinosternon subrubrum (Lacepede, - Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., Vol. 1, p. 132 and p. 618 Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis Gray, 1855 Mississippi Mud Turtle Gr. hippos horse and Gr. krepis shoe — ref. to pattern of head stripe OD Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis Gray, "1855" 1856 - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Jan. 22, p. 198 Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri (Siebenrock, 1906) Florida Mud Turtle NL honors Franz Steindachner OD Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri (Siebenrock, 1906) - Zool. Anz., Vol. 30, Oct. 16, p. 727 Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum (Lacepede, 1788) Eastern Mud Turtle L. sub below and L. rubrum red — ref. red-orange plastron of hatchlings OD Kinosternon subrubrum (Lacepede, - Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., Vol. 1, p. 132 and p. 618 Lepidochelys Fitzinger, 1843 RIDLEYS Gr. lepido scaled and Gr. chelys turtle — OD Lepidochelys Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 30 Lepidochelys kempii (Garman, 1880) Atlantic Ridley NL honors Richard M. Kemp OD Lepidochelys kempii (Garman, 1880) - Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 6, p. 123 Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) Pacific Ridley L. olive olive green and L. -acea having the nature or color of — prob. ref. color OD Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 1, p. 2, pl. 3 Macrochelys Gray, 1855 ALLIGATOR SNAPPING TURTLES Gr. macro large and Gr. chelys turtle — ref. large size; largest freshwater turtle in the world. OD Macrochelys Gray, 1855 - Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., p. __ ? [nc][tc] Macrochelys temminckii (Harlan, 1835) Alligator Snapping Turtle NL honors Coenraad J. Temminck OD Macrochelys temminckii (Harlan, 1835) - Medical and Physical Researches, p. 158, footnote Macroclemys Gray, 1855 [:x] Gr. macro large and Gr. clemmys tortoise — ref. large size OD Macroclemys Gray, 1855 - Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., p. 48 Malaclemys Gray, 1844 DIAMONDBACK TERRAPINS Gr. malakos soft and Gr. clemmys turtle — skin of this turtle is soft as compared to most other turtles OD Malaclemys Gray, 1844 - Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 28 Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepff, 1793) Diamondback Terrapin NL terrapin a turtle — derived from Native American word for turtle OD Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepf, 1793) - Hist. Test. inconibvs illvstrata, Erlange, p. 64, pl. 15 Malaclemys terrapin centrata (Latreille, 1802) Carolina Diamondback Terrapin L. centrata centered — ref. growth of annuli on each carapacial scute OD Malaclemys terrapin centrata (Latreille, 1802) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 145 Malaclemys terrapin littoralis (Hay, 1904) Texas Diamondback Terrapin L. littoralis of the waters edge, or sea shore — ref. habitat OD Malaclemys terrapin littoralis (Hay, 1904) - Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 18, pls. 8, 9, 12, figs. 2 and 3 Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota (Hay, 1904) Ornate Diamondback Terrapin Gr. makros large and Gr. spilotos spotted — ref. large yellow spot on each carapacial scute OD Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota (Hay, 1904) - Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 16, pls. 6, 7, 11, text fig. 1 Malaclemys terrapin pileata (Wied, 1865) Mississippi Diamondback Terrapin L. pileata capped — poss. ref. black dorsal head surface OD Malaclemys terrapin pileata (Wied, 1865) - Nova Acta Acad. Leopold.-Carol., Vol. 32, p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 2 and 3 Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum Fowler, 1906 Mangrove Diamondback Terrapin Gr. rhizophorarum-of the mangroves — ref. habitat (Rhizophora-genus of mangrove) OD Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum Fowler, 1906 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 58, p. 112, pl. 4 Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz, 1955 Florida East Coast Terrapin NL Tequesta Native American group — ref. range in Eastern FL OD Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz, 1955 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 68, p. 158 Malaclemys terrapin terrapin (Schoepff, 1793) Northern Diamondback Terrapin NL terrapin turtle — derived from Native American word for turtle OD Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepf, 1793) - Hist. Test. inconibvs illvstrata, Erlange, p. 64, pl. 15 Pseudemys Gray, 1855 REDBELLY TURTLES and COOTERS Gr. pseudes false, deceptive and Gr. emys turtle — ref. this not being Emys OD Pseudemys Gray, "1855" 1856 - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Jan. 22, 1856, p. 197 Pseudemys alabamensis (Baur, 1893) Alabama Redbelly Turtle NL belonging to the state of Alabama — ref. only state in which this turtle occurs OD Pseudemys alabamensis Baur, 1893 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 31, p. 224 Pseudemys bangsi Babcock, 1937 [:x] NL honors Outram Bangs OD Pseudemys bangsi Babcock, 1937 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 293 Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte, 1830) Eastern River Cooter L. concinna symmetrical, neatly arranged — ref. arrangement of markings on upper shell. OD Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 106 Pseudemys concinna metteri Ward, 1984 - Missouri River Cooter NL honors Dean E. "Doc" Metter OD Pseudemys concinna metteri Ward, 1984 - Spec. Publ. No 21, Museum Texas Tech Univ., p. 34 Pseudemys floridana (Le Conte, 1830) Florida Cooter NL belonging to the state of Florida — only found on peninsula of FL OD Pseudemys floridana (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 100 Pseudemys gorzugi Ward, 1984 Western River Cooter NL honors George Zug OD Pseudemys concinna gorzugi Ward, 1984 - Spec. Publ. Museum Texas Tech. Univ., Vol. 21, p. 29 Pseudemys hieroglyphica (Holbrook, 1836) [:x] Gr. heiros sacred and Gr. glyphe a carving, as in ancient Egyptian heiroglyphic writing — ref. to the deeply incised scutes OD Pseudemys concinna hieroglyphica (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 47, pl. 2 Pseudemys hoyi (Agassiz, 1857) [:x] NL honors Philo Romayne Hoy OD Pseudemys floridana hoyi (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 433 Pseudemys nelsoni Carr, 1938 Florida Redbelly Turtle NL honors Edward W. Nelson OD Pseudemys nelsoni Carr, 1938 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 307 Pseudemys peninsularis Carr, 1938 Peninsula Cooter L. peninsularis of the peninsula — ref. range in peninsular FL OD Pseudemys peninsularis Carr, 1938 - Copeia, p. 105 Pseudemys rubriventris (LeConte, 1830) Eastern Redbelly Turtle L. rubra red and L. ventris of the belly — ref. color of lower shell of juvenile specimens OD Pseudemys rubriventris (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 101 Pseudemys suwanniensis Carr, 1937 Suwanee River Cooter NL honors Suwannee River — ref. habitat OD Pseudemys suwanniensis Carr, 1937 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, Number 348, p. 4, pl. 1 Pseudemys texana Baur, 1893 Texas River Cooter NL belonging to the state of Texas — OD Pseudemys texana Baur, 1893 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 31, p. 223 Sternotherus Gray, 1825 MUSK TURTLES Gr. sterno chest and Gr. thairos hinged — ref. hinged plastron OD Sternotherus Gray, 1825 - Ann. Philos., N.S., Vol. 10, Sept. p. 211 Sternotherus carinatus (Gray, 1855) Razorback Musk Turtle L. carinatus keeled (like a ship) — ref. sharply keeled carapace OD Sternotherus carinatus (Gray, "1855" 1856) - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Jan. 22, 1856, p. 199 Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb, 1955 Flattened Musk Turtle L. depressus pressed down or low — ref. dorsoventrally flattened carapace OD Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb, 1955 - Tulane Stud. Zool. Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 53 Sternotherus minor (Agassiz, 1857) Loggerhead Musk Turtle L. minor smaller or lesser — ref. smaller size than S. carinatus OD Sternotherus minor (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 424 Sternotherus minor peltifer Smith and Glass, 1947 Stripeneck Musk Turtle L. pelta half-moon shaped buckler or target and L. -ifer bearing — ref. small bridge scutes OD Sternotherus minor peltifer Smith and Glass, 1947 - Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 37, No. 1, p. 22 Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille, 1802) Common Musk Turtle L. odoratus to have a strong odor — ref. odor produced by musk glands OD Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille, 1801) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 122 Terrapene Merrem, 1820 BOX TURTLES NL terrapene derived from Native American word for turtle — OD Terrapene Merrem, 1820 - Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 27 Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758) Eastern Box Turtle NL Carolina — ref. area originally discovered OD Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 198 Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor, 1894 Florida Box Turtle NL honors George H. Baur OD Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor, 1895 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, No. 1019, p. 576 Terrapene carolina major (Agassiz, 1857) Gulf Coast Box Turtle L. major large, big — ref. large size OD Terrapene carolina major (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 445 Terrapene carolina triunguis (Agassiz, 1857) Three-toed Box Turtle L. tri three and L. unguis claws — ref. normal presence of three toes on hind feet OD Terrapene carolina triunguis (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S., Vol. 1, p. 445 Terrapene ornata (Agassiz, 1857) Ornate Box Turtle L. ornata embellished or fancy — ref. ornate radiated pattern on upper shell OD Terrapene ornata (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 445 Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey, 1952 Desert Box Turtle L. lutea yellow and L. -ola becoming ("-ish") — "may refer to the tendency of shells in aging adults of this subsp. to become overall yellowish or 'horn-colored' (with a concomitant loss of the radiated pattern), a characteristic not seen in the nominate race. Jim Stuart" OD Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey, 1952 - Wasmann Journ. Biol., Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 45, pl. 1 Trachemys Agassiz, 1857 SLIDERS Gr. trachys rough and Gr. emys turtle — OD Trachemys Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S., Vol. 1, p. 434 Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg, 1939) Big Bend Slider NL honors Helen Thompson Gaige OD Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg, 1939) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 397, Jan. 12, p. 1 Trachemys scripta (Schoepff, 1792) Slider L. scripta written, marked — prob. ref. shell pattern OD Trachemys scripta (Schoepf, 1792) - Hist. Testud., Pts. 1-2, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 4 and 5 Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied, 1838) Red-eared Slider L. elegans fine or elegant — ref. red stripe behind eye on each side of head OD Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 4, p. 213 Trachemys scripta scripta (Schoepff, 1792) Yellowbelly Slider L. scripta written, marked — prob. ref. shell pattern OD Trachemys scripta (Schoepf, 1792) - Hist. Testud., Pts. 1-2, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 4 and 5 Trachemys scripta troostii (Holbrook, 1836) Cumberland Slider NL honors Gerard Troost OD Trachemys scripta troostii (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 55, pl. 4 Trionyx Geoffroy, 1809 [:x] Gr. tri three and Gr. onyx claws OD Trionyx Geoffroy, 1809 - Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 14, p. 3 Alligators and CrocodilesAlligator Cuvier, 1807 ALLIGATORS Sp. el lagarto the lizard — ref. lizard-like shape OD Alligator Cuvier, 1807 - Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 10, p. 25 Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1803) American Alligator NL belonging to the Mississippi River — ref. portion of known range of species OD Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1803) - Daudin, Hist. Nat. Reptl., Vol. 2., 1803, p. 412 Crocodylus Laurenti, 1768 CROCODILES Gr. krokodilos crocodile — crocodiles have been known since ancient times OD Crocodylus Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 53 Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) American Crocodiles L. acutus sharpened or pointed — ref. long tapered snout OD Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) - Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 10, p. 55, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 2, fig. 5 LizardsAnarbylus Murphy, 1974 [:x] Gr. without shoes — ref. absence of transverse lamellae on ventral surface of digits OD Anarbylus Murphy, 1974 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 40, No. 4, p. 87 Anniella Gray, 1852 LEGLESS LIZARDS L. annela ringed and L. -ella little — ref. to little rings in pattern or possible honorific for someone named "Annie" or a coined name. See Farancia. OD Anniella Gray, 1852 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 440 Anniella pulchra Gray, 1852 California Legless Lizard L. pulchra beautiful — ref. silvery color OD Anniella pulchra Gray, 1852 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 440 Anniella pulchra nigra Fischer, 1885 Black Legless Lizard L. nigra black — ref. color OD Anniella pulchra nigra Fischer, 1886 - Abh. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg, Vol. 9, Pt. 1, p. 9 Anniella pulchra pulchra Gray, 1852 Silvery Legless Lizard L. pulchra beautiful — ref. silvery color OD Anniella pulchra Gray, 1852 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 440 Anolis Daudin, 1803 ANOLES West Indian anoli lizard — Native Antillean name OD Anolis Daudin, 1803 - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 50 Anolis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832) Green Anole NL belonging to the Carolinas — ref. area where originally discovered OD Anolis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832) - in Cuvier's Thierreich, Vol. 2, p. 71 Anolis carolinensis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832) Northern Green Anole NL belonging to the Carolinas — ref. area where originally discovered OD Anolis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832) - in Cuvier's Thierreich, Vol. 2, p. 71 Anolis carolinensis seminolus Vance, 1991 Southern Green Anole NL Seminole Native American group — poss. ref. range OD Anolis carolinensis seminolus Vance, 1991 [nc][tc] Callisaurus Blainville, 1835 ZEBRATAIL LIZARDS Gr. kalos beautiful and Gr. saurus lizard — "we have given the name Callisaurus to indicate the extreme beauty of this little animal." OD Callisaurus Blainville, 1835 - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 286 Callisaurus draconoides Blainville, 1835 Zebratail Lizard Gr. draco dragon and Gr. -eidos similarity to a — "les especes de veritables dragons" (trans) the species of true dragons OD Callisaurus draconoides Blainville, 1835 - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 286, pl. 24, fig. 2 Callisaurus draconoides myurus Richardson, 1915 Nevada Zebratail Lizard Gr. mys mouse and Gr. oura tail — poss ref. ratio length of body to tail OD Callisaurus draconoides myurus Richardson, 1915 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 48, p. 408 Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus Cope, 1896 Mojave Zebratail Lizard Gr. rhodon rose, red color and Gr. stiktos dotted or dappled — OD Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus Cope, 1896 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 30, p. 1049 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (Hallowell, 1852) Arizona Zebratail Lizard L. ventralis of the belly — OD Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 179 Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830 WHIPTAILS AND RACERUNNERS Gr. knemidos greaves and Gr. phoros wearing — ref. large scales on forelegs [not Gr. nematos thread Gr. phoros wearing, a common error with ref. to whip-like tail] OD Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830 - Nat. Syst. Amph., p. 154 Cnemidophorus arizonae Van Denburgh, 1896 Arizona Striped Whiptail NL of the state of Arizona — 1st collected in Cochise Co., AZ, 1966 OD Cnemidophorus arizonae Van Denburgh, 1896 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 344 Cnemidophorus burti Taylor, 1938 Canyon Spotted Whiptail NL honors Charles E. Burt OD Cnemidophorus burti Taylor, 1938 - Sci. Bull. Univ. Kansas, Vol. 24, p. 485 Cnemidophorus burti stictogrammus Burger, 1950 Giant Spotted Whiptail Gr. stiktos dotted, dappled and Gr. gramme mark, letter, writing — "ref. typical dorsal pattern of alternating longitudinal rows of light spots and light stripes." OD Cnemidophorus burti stictogrammus Burger, 1950 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 65, p. 5 Cnemidophorus dixoni Scudday, 1973 Gray-checkered Whiptail NL honors James R. Dixon OD Cnemidophorus dixoni Scudday, 1973 - J. Herp., Vol. 7, No.4, p. 364 Cnemidophorus exsanguis Lowe, 1956 Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail L. ex comparable to and L. sanguis (its) family — ref. distinctive difference from other whiptails with which it was formerly included OD Cnemidophorus exsanguis Lowe, 1956 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 10, p. 138 Cnemidophorus flagellicaudus Lowe and Wright, 1964 Gila Spotted Whiptail L. flagellum whip and NL caudus tailed — ref. long slender tail, typical of genus OD Cnemidophorus flagellicaudus Lowe and Wright, 1964 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 3, p. 79 Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and Girard, 1852 Texas Spotted Whiptail L. gularis of the throat — "most striking character...large and conspicuous scales on the margin of the subgutteral fold of the skin." OD Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 128 Cnemidophorus gularis gularis Baird and Girard, 1852 Texas Spotted Whiptail L. gularis of the throat "most striking character...large and conspicuous scales on the margin of the subgutteral fold of the skin." OD Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 128 Cnemidophorus gypsi Wright and Lowe, 1993 Little White Whiptail NL ref. of the gypsum "sands" of its White Sands, NM home OD Cnemidophoruss gypsi Wright and Lowe, 1993 J. AZ-NV Acad. Sci. 27:129-157. [tc] Cnemidophorus hyperythrus Cope, 1863 Orangethroat Whiptail Gr. hyper above, beyond, over and Gr. erythros red — OD Cnemidophorus hyperythrus Cope, 1863 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 103 Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi (Stejneger, 1894) Belding's Orangethroat Whiptail NL honors Belding, Lyman OD Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi Stejneger, 1894 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 17 Cnemidophorus inornatus Baird, 1859 Little Striped Whiptail L. inornatus without ornament — ref. lack of spots between stripes OD Cnemidophorus inornatus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255 Cnemidophorus inornatus heptagrammus Axtell, 1961 Trans-Pecos Striped Whiptail Gr. hepta seven and Gr. gramme mark, letter, writing — ref. number of dorsal lines OD Cnemidophorus inornatus heptagrammus Axtell, 1961 - Copeia, p. 153 Cnemidophorus inornatus juniperus Wright and Lowe, 1993 Woodland Striped Whiptail [:x] NL pres. ref. juniper or cedar (Juniperus spp.) woodlands where it lives OD Cnemidophorus inornatus juniperus Wright and Lowe, 1993 J. AZ-NV Acad. Sci. 27:129-157 Cnemidophorus laredoensis McKinney, Kay and Anderson, 1973 Laredo Striped Whiptail NL belonging to Laredo, Texas — ref. region of discovery OD Cnemidophorus laredoensis McKinney, Kay and Anderson, 1973 - Herpetologica, Vol. 29, p. 361 Cnemidophorus inornatus llanuras Wright and Lowe, 1993 Plains Striped Whiptail [:x] NL pres. derived from Spanish "llano" meaning plain or flat land OD Cnemidophorus inornatus llanuras Wright and Lowe, 1993 J. AZ-NV Acad. Sci. 27:129-157 Cnemidophorus neotesselatus Walker, Cordes and Taylor, 1997 Southeastern Colorado Whiptail L. neo new and tesselatus tiled or checkered — prob. ref. Cnemidophorus tesselatus OD Cnemidophorus neotesselatus Walker, Cordes and Taylor, 1997 [nc][tc] Cnemidophorus marmoratus Baird and Girard, 1852 Marbled Whiptail L. marmoratus marbled — ref. to marbled adult pattern OD Cnemidophorus marmoratus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 128 Cnemidophorus marmoratus reticuloriens Vance, 1978 *NCN* *TRANS* OD Cnemidophorus marmoratus reticuloriens Vance, 1978 - Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc., Vol. 14, No. 1, p. 3 [tc] Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Lowe and Zweifel, 1952 New Mexico Whiptail NL belonging to the state of New Mexico — type locality, Socorro Cty., NM, 1947 OD Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Lowe and Zweifel, 1952 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 230 Cnemidophorus pai Wright and Lowe, 1993 Pai Striped Whiptail NL pres. ref. Pai Native American group, or locality name of northwestern AZ OD Cnemidophorus pai Wright and Lowe, 1993 J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 27:129-157 Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Cope, 1892 Plateau Spotted Whiptail L. septem seven and L. vittatus banded, striped — ref. dorsal stripes OD Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Cope, "1892" 1893 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 40, pl. 9, fig. 8 Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Six-lined Racerunner L. sex six and L. lineatus lined — ref. six longitudinal stripes on dorsum OD Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 364 Cnemidophorus sexlineatus stephensae Trauth, 1992 Texas Yellowhead Racerunner NL honors Hazel J. Stephens OD Cnemidophorus sexlineatus stephensae Trauth, 1992 - Texas J. Sci., Vol. 44, pages 437-443 (438). Subspecific changed from stephensi to stephensae - Trauth, 1995 - Bull. Chicago. Herp. Soc., Vol. 30, No. 4, page 68 Cnemidophorus sexlineatus viridis Lowe, 1966 Prairie Racerunner L. viridis green — ref. green coloration on upper body OD Cnemidophorus sexlineatus viridis Lowe, 1966 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 44 Cnemidophorus sonorae Lowe and Wright, 1964 Sonoran Spotted Whiptail NL of the Sonoran Desert — ref. region of occurrence OD Cnemidophorus sonorae Lowe and Wright, 1964 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 3, p. 80 Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Say, 1823) Colorado Checkered Whiptail L. tesselatus checkered, tiled — ref. mosaic appearance of the adult color pattern OD Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 2, p. 50 Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Whiptail L. tigris of a tiger — ref. dorsal pattern OD Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis Baird and Girard, 1852 [:x] L. gracilis slender, simple OD Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 128 Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus Cope, 1892 Coastal Whiptail L. multi many and L. scutatus scaled — ref. number of scales OD Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus Cope, "1892" 1893 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 38 Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp, 1916 California Whiptail L. mundus neat, sharp or elegant — OD Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp, 1916 - Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 17, p. 71 Cnemidophorus tigris punctilinealis Dickerson, 1919 Southern Whiptail L. punctus puncture or point and L. linealis along the lines — OD Cnemidophorus tigris punctilinealis Dickerson, 1919 - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 41, pages 461-477 (475). [tc] Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis Burger, 1950 Northern Whiptail L. septentrionalis northern — ref. geographic distribution OD Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis Burger, 1950 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 65, p. 8 Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Baird and Girard, 1852 Great Basin Whiptail L. tigris of a tiger — Stebbins, 1966: ref. dorsal pattern OD Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Cnemidophorus uniparens Wright and Lowe, 1965 Desert Grassland Whiptail L. uni one and L. parens parent or ancestor — ref. unisexual reproductive habit of this species OD Cnemidophorus uniparens Wright and Lowe, 1965 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 3, p. 167 Cnemidophorus velox Springer, 1928 Plateau Striped Whiptail L. velox speedy or swift — ref. to running speed, typical entire genus OD Cnemidophorus velox Springer, 1928 - Copeia, p. 101 Cnemidophorus xanthonotus Duellman and Lowe, 1953 Gr. xanthos orange or yellow and Gr. notos back — ref. color pattern OD Cnemidophorus xanthonotus Duellman and Lowe, 1953 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 120, p. 2 Coleonyx Gray, 1845 BANDED GECKOS Gr. koleos sheath and Gr. onyx nail, talon or claw — ref. sheathed claws OD Coleonyx Gray, 1845 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 1, Vol. 16, p. 162 Coleonyx brevis Stejneger, 1893 Texas Banded Gecko L. brevis short — ref. short snout of this species OD Coleonyx brevis Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 163 Coleonyx reticulatus Davis and Dixon, 1958 Reticulated Gecko L. reticulatus netted — ref. dorsal color pattern similar to a net OD Coleonyx reticulatus Davis and Dixon, 1958 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 71, p. 151 Coleonyx switaki (Murphy, 1974) Barefoot Gecko (nominate subspecies "Peninsular Barefoot Gecko") NL honors Karl H. Switak OD Coleonyx switaki (Murphy, 1974) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 40, No. 4, p. 87 Coleonyx variegatus (Baird, 1859) Western Banded Gecko L. variegatus of different colors — ref. contrasting elements of color pattern OD Coleonyx variegatus (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 254 Coleonyx variegatus abbotti Klauber, 1945 San Diego Banded Gecko NL honors Clinton G. Abbott OD Coleonyx variegatus abbotti Klauber, 1945 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 154 Coleonyx variegatus bogerti Klauber, 1945 Tucson Banded Gecko NL honors Charles M. Bogert OD Coleonyx variegatus bogerti Klauber, 1945 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 176 Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Klauber, 1945 Utah Banded Gecko NL belonging to the state of Utah — type specimen Watercress Spring, Washington Cty., UT, 1941 OD Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Klauber, 1945 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 171 Coleonyx variegatus variegatus (Baird, 1859) Desert Banded Gecko L. variegatus of different colors — ref. contrasting elements of color pattern OD Coleonyx variegatus (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 254 Cophosaurus Troschel, 1850 (issued 1852) GREATER EARLESS LIZARDS Gr. kophos deaf and dumb and Gr. saurus lizard — ref. lack of external ears OD Cophosaurus Troschel, "1850" 1852 - Arch. Naturg., Vol. 16, Band 1, p. 389, pl. 6 Cophosaurus texanus Troschel, 1850 (issued 1852) Greater Earless Lizard NL belonging to the state of Texas — prob. ref. type locality OD Cophosaurus texanus Troschel, "1850" 1852 - Arch. Naturg., Vol. 16, Band 1, p. 389, pl. 6 Cophosaurus texanus scitulus (Peters, 1951) Southwestern Earless Lizard L. scitulus neat, beautiful — OD Cophosaurus texanus scitulus (Peters, 1951) - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 537, p. 8, map 1 Cophosaurus texanus texanus Troschel, 1850 (issued 1852) Texas Earless Lizard NL belonging to the state of Texas — prob. ref. type locality OD Cophosaurus texanus Troschel, "1850" 1852 - Arch. Naturg., Vol. 16, Band 1, p. 389, pl. 6 Crotaphytus Holbrook, 1842 COLLARED LIZARDS Gr. krotaphos side or temple of the head — ref. presence of small polygonal plates on the whole surface of the head." OD Crotaphytus Holbrook, 1842 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 2, p. 79 Crotaphytus bicinctores Smith and Tanner, 1972 Mojave Black-collared Lizard L. bi two and L. cinctus banded or girdled — ref. presence of two black bands on neck and shoulder region OD Crotaphytus bicinctores Smith and Tanner, 1972 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 32, p. 27 Crotaphytus collaris (Say, 1823) Eastern Collared Lizard L. collaris collared — Baird and Girard, 1853: "allusion to the very striking feature of bearing a double black sub-crescentic band on the sides of the neck." OD Crotaphytus collaris (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 2, p. 252 Crotaphytus collaris auriceps Fitch and Tanner, 1951 [:x] L. auri of gold and NL ceps head — subspecies characterized by having a very yellow head OD Crotaphytus collaris auriceps Fitch and Tanner, 1951 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 54, p. 553, figs. 1-2 Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Stejneger, 1890 [:x] NL honors Vernon O. Bailey OD Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Stejneger, 1890 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, p. 103, pl. 12, fig. 1 Crotaphytus collaris fuscus Ingram and Tanner, 1971 [:x] L. fuscus brown, dark, swarthy — ref. brown dorsum OD Crotaphytus collaris fuscus Ingram and Tanner, 1971 - Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Vol. 13, (2), p. 23 Crotaphytus insularis Van Denburgh and Slevin, 1921 [:x] L. insularis of an island — type locality, Angel de la Guarda Island, Gulf of CA OD Crotaphytus insularis Van Denburgh and Slevin, 1921 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 11, p. 96 Crotaphytus nebrius Axtell and Montanucci, 1977 Sonoran Collared Lizard Gr. nebrios dappled like a fawn — "distinctive large white dorsal spotting" OD Crotaphytus collaris nebrius Axtell and Montanucci, 1977 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 201, p. 1 Crotaphytus reticulatus Baird, 1858 Reticulate Collared Lizard L. reticulatus bearing a net — ref. narrow white lines forming an open net-like pattern OD Crotaphytus reticulatus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253 Crotaphytus vestigium Smith and Tanner, 1972 Baja Back-collared Lizard L. vestigium footstep or trace — OD Crotaphytus vestigium Smith and Tanner, 1972 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 32, p. 29 Dipsosaurus Hallowell, 1854 DESERT IGUANAS Gr. dipsos thirst and Gr. saurus lizard — ref. to dry region they inhabit OD Dipsosaurus Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 92 Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852) Desert Iguana L. dorsalis of the side — OD Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126 Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852) Desert Iguana L. dorsalis of the side — OD Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126 Elgaria Gray, 1838 WESTERN ALLIGATOR LIZARDS obscure — possibly named for an "Elgar" or a pun on "alligator." See Farancia OD Elgaria Gray, 1838 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1, p. 390 Elgaria coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828) Northern Alligator Lizard L. coerulea dark colored, dark blue — ref. dorsal color type specimen OD Elgaria coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828) - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 380 Elgaria coerulea coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828) San Francisco Alligator Lizard L. coerulea dark colored, dark blue — ref. dorsal color type specimen OD Elgaria coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828) - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 380 Elgaria coerulea palmeri (Stejneger, 1893) Sierra Alligator Lizard NL honors Theodore S. Palmer OD Elgaria coerulea palmeri (Stejneger, 1893) - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 196 Elgaria coerulea principis Baird and Girard, 1852 Northern Alligator Lizard L. principis first, leader or chief — OD Elgaria coerulea principis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 175 Elgaria coerulea shastensis (Fitch, 1934) Shasta Alligator Lizard NL belonging to the Shasta Mountains — -type locality, Shasta County, CA 1932 OD Elgaria coerulea shastensis (Fitch, 1934) - Copeia, p. 6 Elgaria kingii Gray, 1838 Madrean Alligator Lizard NL honors one of two men named King OD Elgaria kingii Gray, 1838 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 1, Vol. 1, p. 390 Elgaria kingii nobilis Baird and Girard, 1852 Arizona Alligator Lizard L. nobilis known, famous, notorius — poss ref. pattern OD Elgaria kingii nobilis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 129 Elgaria multicarinata (Blainville, 1835) California Alligator Lizard L. multi many L. carinata keeled — ref. keeled scales OD Elgaria multicarinata (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 298, pl. 25, fig. 2 Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata (Blainville, 1835) California Alligator Lizard L. multi many L. carinata keeled — ref. keeled scales OD Elgaria multicarinata (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 298, pl. 25, fig. 2 Elgaria multicarinata scincicauda (Skilton, 1849) Oregon Alligator Lizard L. scinci lizard (skink) L. cauda tail — ref. long tail OD Elgaria multicarinata scincicauda (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. at p. 312, figs. 1-3 Elgaria multicarinata webbii (Baird, 1858) San Diego Alligator Lizard NL honors Thomas H. Webb OD Elgaria multicarinata webbii (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255 Elgaria panamintina (Stebbins, 1958) Panamint Alligator Lizard NL Panamint Mountains, CA — located in east central CA OD Elgaria panamintina (Stebbins, 1958) - Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 1883, p. 2 Eumeces Wiegmann, 1834 SKINKS Gr. eu- good or nice and Gr. mekos length or height — OD Eumeces Wiegmann, 1834 - Herp. Mex., p. 36 Eumeces anthracinus (Baird, 1849) Coal Skink Gr. anthrakos coal, carbon and L. -inus pertaining to — ref. dark dorsolateral color OD Eumeces anthracinus (Baird, 1849) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 294 Eumeces anthracinus anthracinus (Baird, 1849) Northern Coal Skink Gr. anthrakos coal, carbon and L. -inus belonging to — ref. dark dorsolateral color OD Eumeces anthracinus (Baird, 1849) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 294 Eumeces anthracinus pluvialis Cope, 1880 Southern Coal Skink L. pluvialis pertaining to rain — OD Eumeces anthracinus pluvialis Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 19 Eumeces callicephalus Bocourt, 1879 Mountain Skink Gr. kalos beautiful and Gr. kephale head — prob. ref. appearance OD Eumeces callicephalus Bocourt, 1879 - Miss. Sci. Mex., Vol. 3, Pt. 6, p. 431, pl. 22 D, fig. 2, pl. 22 E, fig. 2 Eumeces egregius (Baird, 1858) Mole Skink L. egregius exceptional, uncommon — poss. ref. to particular uniqueness of this form among lizards w/which Baird was acquainted OD Eumeces egregius (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 256 Eumeces egregius egregius (Baird, 1858) Florida Keys Mole Skink L. egregius exceptional, uncommon — poss. ref. to particular uniqueness of this form among lizards w/which Baird was acquainted OD Eumeces egregius (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 256 Eumeces egregius insularis Mount, 1965 Cedar Key Mole Skink L. insularis of an island — alludes to island habitat OD Eumeces egregius insularis Mount, 1965 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 9, p. 210 Eumeces egregius lividus Mount, 1965 Bluetail Mole Skink L. lividus blue or leaden color — ref. blue tail OD Eumeces egregius lividus Mount, 1965 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 9, p. 209 Eumeces egregius onocrepis (Cope, 1871) Peninsula Mole Skink L. ono ass/donkey and L. crepis shoe — ref. horseshoe shaped head pattern OD Eumeces egregius onocrepis (Cope, 1871) - Appendix to Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. Salem. 1869-70, Jan. 15. 1871, p. 82 Eumeces egregius similis McConkey, 1957 Northern Mole Skink L. similis like or similar to — ref. similarity to the nominate subspecies OD Eumeces egregius similis McConkey, 1957 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 17 Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Five-lined Skink L. fasciatus banded, bearing stripes — ref. dorsal stripes, females and young males "resemble bundled staves" OD Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 209 Eumeces gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896 Gilbert's Skink NL honors Charles H. Gilbert OD Eumeces gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 350 Eumeces gilberti arizonensis Lowe and Shannon, 1954 Arizona Skink NL belonging to the state of Arizona — type collected Maricopa Cty., AZ, 1953 OD Eumeces gilberti arizonensis Lowe and Shannon, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 185 Eumeces gilberti cancellosus Rodgers and Fitch, 1947 Variegated Skink L. cancelli grating or lattice and L. -osus bearing or having — descriptive of latticed pattern of dark markings; cancelled - like postage stamps OD Eumeces gilberti cancellosus Rodgers and Fitch, 1947 - Univ. California. Publ. Zool., Vol. 48, p. 200, pl. 9 Eumeces gilberti gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896 Greater Brown Skink NL honors Charles H. Gilbert OD Eumeces gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 350 Eumeces gilberti placerensis Rodgers, 1944 Northern Brown Skink NL belonging to Placer County, CA — ref. area of distribution OD Eumeces gilberti placerensis Rodgers, 1944 - Copeia, p. 101, figs. 1-2 Eumeces gilberti rubricaudatus Taylor, 1935 Western Redtail Skink L. rubra red, ruddy L. caudatus bearing a tail — OD Eumeces gilberti rubricaudatus Taylor, 1936 - Sci. Bull. Univ. Kansas, Vol. 23, p. 446, figs. 72-73, pl. 39 [tc - diff years] Eumeces inexpectatus Taylor, 1932 Southeastern Five-lined Skink L. inexpectatus unexpected — poss. ref. unexpected discovery of this species, sympatric with E. fasciatus and E. laticeps OD Eumeces inexpectatus Taylor, 1932 - Sci. Bull. Univ. Kansas, Vol. 20, No. 13, p. 251 Eumeces laticeps (Schneider, 1801) Broadhead Skink L. latus broad and NL ceps head — ref. enlarged head of males OD Eumeces laticeps (Schneider, 1801) - Hist. Amph., Vol. 2, p. 189 Eumeces multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857) Many-lined Skink L. multi many and L. virgatus striped — ref. multiplicity of longitudinal stripes OD Eumeces multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 9, p. 215 Eumeces multivirgatus gaigeae Taylor, 1935 Variable Skink NL honors Helen Thompson Gaige OD Eumeces multivirgatus gaigeae Taylor, 1935 (orig. spelling "gaigei") - Sci. Bull. Univ. Kansas, Vol. 22, No. 11, p. 219 Eumeces multivirgatus multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857) Northern Many-lined Skink L. multi many and L. virgatus striped — ref. multiplicity of longitudinal stripes OD Eumeces multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 9, p. 215 Eumeces obsoletus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Great Plains Skink L. obsoletus worn out or shabby — ref. absence of dorsal lines, otherwise characteristic of N. American skinks OD Eumeces obsoletus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 129 Eumeces obtusirostris Bocourt, 1879 Southern Prairie Skink L. obtusus blunt or dull and L. rostris of the beak or snout — OD Eumeces obtusirostris Bocourt, 1879 - Miss. Sci. Mex., Vol. 3, Pt. 6, p. 423, pl. 22 D, figs. 1 A, 1 B Eumeces septentrionalis (Baird, 1858) Northern Prairie Skink L. septentrionalis northern — ref. distribution in US OD Eumeces septentrionalis (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 256 Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Western Skink NL honors Avery J. Skilton OD Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Eumeces skiltonianus interparietalis Tanner, 1957 Coronado Island Skink L. inter between and L. parietalis pertaining to walls — OD Eumeces skiltonianus interparietalis Tanner, "1957" 1958 - Great Basin Naturalist, Vol. 17, p. 73 Eumeces skiltonianus skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Western Skink NL honors Avery J. Skilton OD Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Eumeces skiltonianus utahensis Tanner, 1957 Great Basin Skink NL belonging to the state of Utah — prob. ref. type loc. OD Eumeces skiltonianus utahensis Tanner, "1957" 1958 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 17, p. 67 Eumeces tetragrammus (Baird, 1858) Four-lined Skink Gr. tetra four and Gr. gramme lines — ref. two yellow side stripes set off by rows of darker scales OD Eumeces tetragrammus (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 256 Eumeces tetragrammus brevilineatus Cope, 1880 Short-lined Skink L. brevis short and L. lineatus lined — ref. short lines on sides of head and body fading posteriorly OD Eumeces tetragrammus brevilineatus Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 18 Gambelia Baird, 1859 LEOPARD LIZARDS NL honors William Gambel OD Gambelia Baird, 1859 - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Pt. 2, p. 7 Gambelia copeii (Yarrow, 1882) Cope's Leopard Lizard NL honors honors Edward Drinker Cope OD Gambelia copeii (Yarrow, 1882) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 5, p. 441 Gambelia sila (Stejneger, 1893) Bluntnose Leopard Lizard L. silus snub nosed — ref. blunt nose of species OD Gambelia sila (Stejneger, 1890) - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, p. 105 Gambelia wislizenii (Baird and Girard, 1852) Longnose Leopard Lizard NL honors F.A Wislizenius OD Gambelia wislizenii (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 67, p. 69 Gambelia wislizenii maculosus (Tanner and Banta, 1977) [:x] L. maculosus full of spots — ref. enlarged dorsal spots OD Gambelia wislizenii maculosus (Tanner and Banta, 1977) - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 37, p. 230 Gambelia wislizenii punctatus (Tanner and Banta, 1963) [:x] L. punctatus spotted — ref. dorsal pattern OD Gambelia wislizenii punctatus (Tanner and Banta, 1963) - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 23, p. 138 Gerrhonotus Wiegmann, 1828 EASTERN ALLIGATOR LIZARDS Gr. gerrhon made of wicker and Gr. notos back — prob. ref. appearance of back OD Gerrhonotus Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 379 Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann, 1828 [:x] Gr. leio smooth and Gr. kephale head and L. -lus little — OD Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 381 Gerrhonotus infernalis Baird, 1858 Texas Alligator Lizard L. infernalis of the underworld — ref. type locality, Devil's River, TX OD Gerrhonotus infernalis Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255 Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829 GILA MONSTER Gr. helos a nail or stud and Gr. derma skin — ref. rough texture of skin of this genus OD Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 22, p. 624 Heloderma suspectum Cope, 1869 Gila Monster L. suspectum mistrusted or suspected — ref. venomous nature which was suspected but not proven at time of naming OD Heloderma suspectum Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 5 Heloderma suspectum cinctum Bogert and Martin del Campo, 1956 Banded Gila Monster L. cinctum belted — ref. broad double crossband OD Heloderma suspectum cinctum Bogert and Martin del Campo, 1956 - Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., Vol. 109, Art. 1, p. 46 Heloderma suspectum suspectum Cope, 1869 Reticulate Gila Monster L. suspectum mistrusted or suspected — ref. venomous nature which was suspected but not proven at time of naming OD Heloderma suspectum Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 5 Holbrookia Girard, 1851 EARLESS LIZARDS NL honors John Edward Holbrook OD Holbrookia Girard, 1851 - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., New Haven, Vol. 4, p. 200 Holbrookia elegans Bocourt, 1874 Canyon Earless Lizard L. elegans fine or elegant — OD Holbrookia elegans Bocourt, 1874 [nc][tc] Holbrookia lacerata Cope, 1880 Spot-tailed Earless Lizard L. lacerata torn or mangled — pres. ref. conspicuous serrations on rear edges of dorsal blotches OD Holbrookia lacerata Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 15 Holbrookia lacerata lacerata Cope, 1880 Plateau Earless Lizard L. lacerata torn or mangled — pres. ref. conspicuous serrations on rear edges of dorsal blotches OD Holbrookia lacerata Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 15 Holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis Axtell, 1956 Southern Earless Lizard L. sub below and L. cauda tail and L. -alis of the — ref. distinctive subcaudal dark spots on the lower surface of the tail OD Holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis Axtell, 1956 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 10, p. 174 Holbrookia maculata Girard, 1852 Lesser Earless Lizard L. maculata spotted — ref. spotted pattern OD Holbrookia maculata Girard, 1851 - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., New Haven, Vol. 4, p. 201 Holbrookia maculata approximans Baird, 1858 Speckled Earless Lizard L. a- away from and L. proxime closeness or resemblance — ref. being distant from the next subspecies OD Holbrookia maculata approximans Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253 Holbrookia maculata bunkeri Smith, 1935 NL honors C.D. Bunker Bunker OD Holbrookia maculata bunkeri Smith, 1935 [nc][tc] Possibly: Distributional Records of Reptiles and Amphibians in Oklahoma Hobart M. Smith, Arthur B. Leonard. American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Mar., 1934), pp. 190-196 doi:10.2307/2420247 Holbrookia maculata campi Schmidt, 1921 Speckled Earless Lizard NL honors Camp, _____ *BIO OD Holbrookia maculata campi Schmidt, 1921. Am. Mus. Nov. (22) Holbrookia maculata maculata Girard, 1852 Northern Earless Lizard L. maculata spotted — ref. spotted pattern OD Holbrookia maculata Girard, 1851 - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., New Haven, Vol. 4, p. 201 Holbrookia maculata perspicua Axtell, 1956 Eastern Earless Lizard L. perspicua clear, unmarked — ref. unmarked under side of tail OD Holbrookia maculata perspicua Axtell, 1956 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 10, p. 166 Holbrookia maculata pulchra Schmidt, 1921 Huachuca Earless Lizard L. pulchra beautiful — OD Holbrookia maculata pulchra Schmidt, 1921 - Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 22, p. 1 Holbrookia maculata ruthveni Smith, 1943 Bleached Earless Lizard NL honors Alexander G. Ruthven OD Holbrookia maculata ruthveni Smith, 1943 - Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. 24, p. 342 Holbrookia maculata thermophila Barbour, 1921 Western Earless Lizard Gr. thermo pertains to heat and Gr. philos loving of fond of — ref. fondness for basking in sunlight OD Holbrookia maculata thermophila Barbour, 1921 - Proc. New England Zool. Club., Vol. 7, p. 79 Holbrookia propinqua Baird and Girard, 1852 Keeled Earless Lizard L. propinqua near — implies taxonomic similarity to H. maculata OD Holbrookia propinqua Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126 Holbrookia propinqua propinqua Baird and Girard, 1852 Keeled Earless Lizard L. propinqua near — implies taxonomic similarity to H. maculata OD Holbrookia propinqua Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126 Neoseps Stejneger, 1910 SAND SKINKS L. neo new and Gr. seps snake-like lizard — ref. new discovery of this worm-like lizard OD Neoseps Stejneger, 1910 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 39, p. 33 Neoseps reynoldsi Stejneger, 1910 Sand Skink NL honors A.G. Reynolds OD Neoseps reynoldsi Stejneger, 1910 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 39, p. 34 Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803 GLASS LIZARDS Gr. ophis serpent and Gr. sauros lizard — ref. snake-like body of this lizard OD Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803 - Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Vol. 3, No. 72, p. 188 Ophisaurus attenuatus Cope, 1880 Slender Glass Lizard L. attenuatus made thin, slender — ref. elongate body and tail OD Ophisaurus attenuatus Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 18 Ophisaurus attenuatus attenuatus Cope, 1880 Western Slender Glass Lizard L. attenuatus made thin, slender — ref. elongate body and tail OD Ophisaurus attenuatus Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 18 Ophisaurus attenuatus longicaudus McConkey, 1952 Eastern Slender Glass Lizard L. longus long and L. caudus tail — ref. long tail relative to other subspecies OD Ophisaurus attenuatus longicaudus McConkey, 1952 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 102, p. 1 Ophisaurus compressus Cope, 1900 Island Glass Lizard L. compressus compressed — prob. ref. compressed appearance of the desiccated type-specimen OD Ophisaurus compressus Cope, "1898" 1900 - Ann. Rept. U.S. Natl. Mus., p. 501, fig. 90 Ophisaurus mimicus Palmer, 1987 Mimic Glass Lizard L. mimicus suitable for a mime — prob. ref. similarity to other glass lizard OD Ophisaurus mimicus Palmer, 1987 - Herpetologica, Vol. 43, p. 416 Ophisaurus ventralis (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Glass Lizard L. ventralis of the belly — poss. ref. snake like locomotion OD Ophisaurus ventralis (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 391 Petrosaurus Boulenger, 1885 ROCK LIZARDS Gr. petra rock and Gr. sauros lizard — ref. habitat OD Petrosaurus Boulenger, 1885 - Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., Vol. 2, p. 205 Petrosaurus mearnsi (Stejneger, 1894) Banded Rock Lizard NL honors Edgar A. Mearns OD Petrosaurus mearnsi (Stejneger, 1894) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 589 Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828 HORNED LIZARDS Gr. phrynos toad and Gr. soma body — ref. squat, toad-like appearance OD Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 367 Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan, 1825) Texas Horned Lizard L. cornutum horned — ref. horn OD Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, p. 299, pl. 20 Phrynosoma coronatum (Blainville, 1835) Coast Horned Lizard L. coronatum crowned — "constituent une sort de couronne" ("making sort of a crown") a reference to the joining of two large occipital plates OD Phrynosoma coronatum (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 284, pl. 25, fig. 1 Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillii Gray, 1839 [:x] NL honors Henri M. Blainville OD Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillii Gray, 1839 - in J. Richardson, et al., Zool. Beechey's Voyage, p. 96, pl. 29, fig. 1 Phrynosoma coronatum frontale Van Denburgh, 1894 [:x] L. frontale pertaining to the forehead — ref. head characteristic OD Phrynosoma coronatum frontale Van Denburgh, 1894 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, p. 296 Phrynosoma douglasi (Bell, 1833) Short-horned Lizard (nominate subspecies "Pigmy Short-horned Lizard") NL honors David Douglas OD Phrynosoma douglasi (Bell, 1833) - Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Vol. 16, p. 105, pl. 10 Phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre (Girard, 1858) Eastern Short-horned Lizard L. brevis short and L. rostrum beak or snout — ref. short snout OD Phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre (Girard, 1858) - U.S. Expl. Exp., Herp., p. 397 Phrynosoma douglasi hernandesi (Girard, 1858) Desert Short-horned Lizard NL honors Francisco Hernandez OD Phrynosoma douglasi hernandesi (Girard, 1858) - U.S. Expl. Exp., Herp. p. 395 Phrynosoma douglasi ornatissimum (Girard, 1858) Desert Short-horned Lizard L. ornatissimum greatly ornamented — prob. ref. appearance OD Phrynosoma douglasi ornatissimum (Girard, 1858) - U.S. Expl. Exp., Herp., p. 396 Phrynosoma douglasi ornatum Girard, 1858 Salt Lake Short-horned Lizard L. ornatum ornamented — prob. ref. appearance OD Phrynosoma douglasi ornatum Girard, 1858 - U.S. Expl. Exp., Herp., Atlas, pl. 21, fig. 1-5 Phrynosoma mcallii (Hallowell, 1852) Flat-tail Horned Lizard NL honors George Archibald McCall OD Phrynosoma mcallii (Hallowell, 1852) Originally spelled "m'callii" - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 182 Phrynosoma modestum Girard, 1852 Roundtail Horned Lizard L. modestum modest, discrete, unassuming — pres. ref. small size or plain appearance OD Phrynosoma modestum Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard, 1852 Desert Horned Lizard Gr. platys flat and Gr. rhinos nose — ref. flat nose OD Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Phrynosoma platyrhinos calidiarum (Cope, 1896) Southern Desert Horned Lizard L. calidus hot, warm and L. -arum pertaining to, of the nature of — ref. habitat in hot areas OD Phrynosoma platyrhinos calidiarum (Cope, 1896) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 30, p. 833 Phrynosoma platyrhinos platyrhinos Girard, 1852 Northern Desert Horned Lizard Gr. platys flat and Gr. rhinos nose — ref. flat nose OD Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Phrynosoma solare Gray, 1845 Regal Horned Lizard L. solare like the sun — "The spines on the occiput forming a continuous frill..." OD Phrynosoma solare Gray, 1845 - Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 229 Phyllodactylus Gray, 1828 LEAF-TOED GECKOS Gr. phyllon leaf and Gr. daktylos finger or digit — ref. to the leaf like terminal subdigital lamellae OD Phyllodactylus Gray, 1830 - Spicileg. Zool., p. 3 Phyllodactylus xanti Cope, 1863 [:x] NL honors John Xantus OD Phyllodactylus xanti Cope, 1863 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 102 Phyllodactylus nocticolus Dixon, 1964 L. nocticolus resident of the night — ref. habits OD Phyllodactylus nocticolus Dixon, 1964 - New Mexico State Univ. Sci. Bull, Vol. 64, No. 1, p. 55 Rhineura Cope, 1861 WORM LIZARDS Gr. rhinos nose Gr. eurys broad — pres. ref. large shield covering snout OD Rhineura Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 75 Rhineura floridana (Baird, 1859) Florida Worm Lizard NL belonging to the state of Florida — type locality, Micanopy, FL OD Rhineura floridana (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255 Sauromalus Dumeril, 1856 CHUCKWALLAS Gr. sauros lizard and Gr. homalos level or flat — its body ref. ability to flatten body OD Sauromalus Dumeril, 1856 - Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 8, p. 535 Sauromalus obesus Baird, 1858 Chuckwalla L. obesus fat or swollen — ref. obese appearance when flattened OD Sauromalus obesus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253 Sauromalus obesus multiforaminatus Tanner and Avery, 1964 Glen Canyon Chuckwalla L. multi many and L. foramin openings and L. -atus having — ref. supernumerary femoral pores OD Sauromalus obesus multiforaminatus Tanner and Avery, 1964 - Herpetologica, Vol. 20, p. 38 Sauromalus obesus obesus Baird, 1858 Western Chuckwalla L. obesus fat or swollen — ref. obese appearance when flattened OD Sauromalus obesus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253 Sauromalus obesus tumidus Shaw, 1945 Arizona Chuckwalla L. tumidus fat, swollen up/puffed up — ref. obese appearance when flattened OD Sauromalus obesus tumidus Shaw, 1945 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 292 Sceloporus Wiegmann, 1828 SPINY LIZARDS Gr. skelos leg and Gr. porus pore or opening — ref. femoral pores on hind legs OD Sceloporus Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 369 Sceloporus arenicolus Degenhardt and Jones, 1972 Dunes Sagebrush Lizard L. arenicolus inhabitant of a sandy area — ref. habitat OD Sceloporus arenicolus Degenhardt and Jones, 1972 - Herpetologica, Vol. 28, p. 213 Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard, 1852 Clark's Spiny Lizard (nominate subspecies "Sonoran Spiny Lizard") NL honors John H. Clark OD Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 127 Sceloporus clarkii vallaris Shannon and Urbano, 1954 Plateau Spiny Lizard L. vallaris of the wall or rampart — ref. Colorado plateau habitat OD Sceloporus clarkii vallaris Shannon and Urbano, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 189 Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852 Sagebrush Lizard L. graciosus graceful — "This small and graceful species..." OD Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Sceloporus graciosus gracilis Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Sagebrush Lizard L. gracilis slender — prob. ref. appearance OD Sceloporus graciosus Baird & Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, 1852, p. 175. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852 Northern Sagebrush Lizard L. graciosus graceful — "This small and graceful species..." OD Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 Mesquite Lizard Gr. grammicus streaked — OD Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 370 Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus Wiegmann, 1834 Northern Mesquite Lizard L. micro small Gr. lepidotus scaled — OD Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus Wiegmann, 1834 - Herp. Mex., p. 51 Sceloporus jarrovii Cope, 1875 Yarrow's Spiny Lizard NL honors Henry C. Yarrow OD Sceloporus jarrovii Cope, 1875 - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 569, pl. 23, figs. 2-2c Sceloporus magister Hallowell, 1854 Desert Spiny Lizard L. magister teacher or master — prob. ref. large size OD Sceloporus magister Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 93 Sceloporus magister bimaculosus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 [:x] L. bi two and L. maculosus with spots — ref. paired dorsal spots OD Sceloporus magister bimaculosus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, p. 9 Sceloporus magister cephaloflavus Tanner, 1955 [:x] L. cephalus head and L. flavus yellow — ref. yellow dorsal head plates and nape in adults OD Sceloporus magister cephaloflavus Tanner, 1955 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 15, p. 32 Sceloporus magister transversus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 [:x] L. trans across and L. versus turned or changed — ref. dorsal cross bars OD Sceloporus magister transversus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, p. 10 Sceloporus magister uniformis Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 [:x] L. uni one and L. formis shape — ref. lack of pattern on dorsum OD Sceloporus magister uniformis Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, p. 7 Sceloporus merriami Stejneger, 1904 Canyon Lizard (nominate subspecies "Merriam's Canyon Lizard") NL honors Clinton Hart Merriam OD Sceloporus merriami Stejneger, 1904 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 17, p. 17 Sceloporus merriami annulatus Smith, 1937 Big Bend Canyon Lizard L. annulatus ringed — ref. subcaudal bands OD Sceloporus merriami annulatus Smith, 1937 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 50, p. 83 Sceloporus merriami longipunctatus Olson, 1973 Presidio Canyon Lizard L. longus long and L. punctatus spotted — ref. elongate shape of the dorsal spots OD Sceloporus merriami longipunctatus Olson, 1973 - Herpetologica, Vol. 29, p. 124 Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Fence Lizard L. occidentalis western — ref. distribution west of Cascade Mountains OD Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 175 Sceloporus occidentalis becki Van Denburgh, 1905 Island Fence Lizard NL honors Rollo Howard Beck OD Sceloporus occidentalis becki Van Denburgh, 1905 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool. Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 9, pl. 4 Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus Hallowell, 1854 San Joaquin Fence Lizard L. bi two and L. seriatus lined — ref. dorsolateral stripes OD Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 93 Sceloporus occidentalis bocourtii Boulenger, 1885 Coast Range Fence Lizard NL honors Marie F. Bocourt OD Sceloporus occidentalis bocourtii Boulenger, 1885 - Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2nd ed., Vol. 2, p. 229 Sceloporus occidentalis longipes Baird, 1858 Great Basin Fence Lizard L. longi long and L. pes foot — OD Sceloporus occidentalis longipes Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 254 Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852 Northwestern Fence Lizard L. occidentalis western — ref. distribution west of Cascade Mountains OD Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 175 Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp, 1916 Sierra Fence Lizard NL honors Edward H. Taylor OD Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp, 1916 - Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 17, p. 65 Sceloporus olivaceus Smith, 1934 Texas Spiny Lizard L. olivaceus being olive green in color — ref. color preserved specimens OD Sceloporus olivaceus Smith, 1934 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 37, p. 277 Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger, 1893 Granite Spiny Lizard NL honors Charles R. Orcutt OD Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 181, pl. 1, figs. 4a-c Sceloporus poinsettii Baird and Girard, 1852 Crevice Spiny Lizard NL honors Joel R. Poinsett OD Sceloporus poinsettii Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126 Sceloporus scalaris Wiegmann, 1828 [:x] L. scalaris of a ladder or stairs — poss. ref. pattern OD Sceloporus scalaris Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 370 Sceloporus serrifer Cope, 1866 Blue Spiny Lizard L. serrifer bearing a saw — ref. spines OD Sceloporus serrifer Cope, 1866 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 124 Sceloporus serrifer cyanogenys Cope, 1885 Blue Spiny Lizard Gr. kyanos dark blue and Gr. genys cheek or side of jaw — ref. appearance OD Sceloporus serrifer cyanogenys Cope, 1885 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 22, p. 402 Sceloporus slevini Smith, 1937 Bunch Grass Lizard NL honors Joseph R. Slevin OD Sceloporus slevini Smith, 1937 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 361, p. 3 Sceloporus undulatus (Bosc and Daudin, in Sonnini and Latreille, 1802) Fence Lizard L. undulatus having a wave like pattern — -ref. dorsal pattern OD Sceloporus undulatus (Bosc and Daudin, 1802) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 40 Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus Baird and Girard, 1854 Southern Prairie Lizard L. consobrinus first cousin — possibly notes resemblance between this and Sceloporus undulatus. OD Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus Baird and Girard, 1854 - in Marcy, Expl. Red River, p. 224, pl. 10, figs. 5-12 Sceloporus undulatus cowlesi Lowe and Norris, 1956 White Sands Prairie Lizard NL honors Raymond B. Cowles OD Sceloporus undulatus cowlesi Lowe and Norris, 1956 - Herpetologica, Vol. 12, p. 126 Sceloporus undulatus elongatus Stejneger, 1890 Northern Plateau Lizard L. elongatus being drawn out in length — prob. ref. body shape OD Sceloporus undulatus elongatus Stejneger, 1890 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, p. 111 Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus Maslin, 1956 Red-lipped Plateau Lizard Gr. erythro red and Gr. cheilos lip — prob. ref. appearance of specimen OD Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus Maslin, 1956 - Herpetologica, Vol. 12, p. 291 Sceloporus undulatus garmani Boulenger, 1882 Northern Prairie Lizard NL honors Samuel W. Garman OD Sceloporus undulatus garmani Boulenger, 1882 - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 761, pl. 56 Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus (Green, 1818) Northern Fence Lizard Gr. huakinth-os dark color or blue and L. -inus belonging to — ref. blue ventrolateral patches on males OD Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, p. 349 Sceloporus undulatus speari Smith, Chiszar, Lemos-Espinal and Bell, 1995 Cabeza de Vaca Basin Fence Lizard NL honors Norman E. Spear OD Sceloporus undulatus speari Smith, Chiszar, Lemos-Espinal and Bell, 1995 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 98: 44-60. [tc] Sceloporus undulatus tedbrowni Smith, Bell, Applegarth and Chiszar, 1992 NL honors Theodore "Ted" Brown OD Sceloporus undulatus tedbrowni Smith, Bell, Applegarth and Chiszar, 1992 [nc][tc] Sceloporus undulatus tristichus Cope, 1875 Southern Plateau Lizard Gr. tri three and Gr. stichos rows — OD Sceloporus undulatus tristichus Cope, 1875 - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 571 Sceloporus undulatus undulatus (Latreille, 1802) Southern Fence Lizard L. undulatus having a wave like pattern — ref. dorsal pattern OD Sceloporus undulatus (Bosc and Daudin, 1802) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 40 Sceloporus vandenburghianus Cope, 1896 Southern Sagebrush Lizard NL honors John Van Denburgh OD Sceloporus vandenburgianus Cope, 1896 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 30, p. 834 *[check spelling]* Sceloporus variabilis Wiegmann, 1834 Rosebelly Lizard L. variabilis variable — Cope, l900: "wide difference in color between males and females" OD Sceloporus variabilis Wiegmann, 1834 - Herp. Mex., p. 51 Sceloporus variabilis marmoratus Hallowell, 1852 Rosebelly Lizard L. marmoratus marbled — OD Sceloporus variabilis marmoratus Hallowell, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 178 Sceloporus virgatus Smith, 1938 Striped Plateau Lizard L. virgatus striped — pres. ref. to the longitudinal body stripes OD Sceloporus virgatus Smith, 1938 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 387, p. 11, map 1 Sceloporus woodi Stejneger, 1918 Florida Scrub Lizard NL honors Nelson R. Wood OD Sceloporus woodi Stejneger, 1918 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 31, p. 90 Scincella Mittleman, 1950 GROUND SKINKS L. scincus lizard (skink) and L. -ella little — ref. small size of this member of the family in the U.S. OD Scincella Mittleman, 1950 - Herpetologica, Vol. 6, p. 19 Scincella lateralis (Say, 1823) Ground Skink L. lateralis of the side — ref. dark dorsolateral stripes OD Scincella lateralis (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 2, p. 324 Sphaerodactylus Wagler, 1830 DWARF GECKOS Gr. sphaira ball-like and Gr. dactylos finger or digit — apparent allusion to the more or less circular digital tips OD Sphaerodactylus Wagler, 1830 - Nat. Syst. Amph., p. 143 Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird, 1858 Reef Gecko L. notatus marked — ref. spotted pattern of males OD Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 254 Sphaerodactylus notatus notatus Baird, 1858 Florida Reef Gecko L. notatus marked — ref. spotted pattern of males OD Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 254 Uma Baird, 1858 FRINGE-TOED LIZARDS NL Yuma Native American group — poss. ref. location in AZ OD Uma Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253 Uma notata Baird, 1859 Colorado Desert Fringe-toed Lizard L. notata marked — OD Uma notata Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253 Uma notata rufopunctata Cope, 1895 [:x] L. rufus red and L. punctata pricked or pointed — ref. reddish color of the dorsal ocelli OD Uma notata rufopunctata Cope, 1895 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 939 Uma scoparia Cope, 1894 Mojave Fringe-toed Lizard L. scopa twigs and L. -aria having — OD Uma scoparia Cope, 1894 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 28, p. 435 Uma notata inornata Cope, 1895 [:x] L. inornata not marked — OD Uma notata inornata Cope, 1895 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 93 Urosaurus Hallowell, 1854 TREE and BRUSH LIZARDS Gr. oura tail and Gr. saurus lizard — OD Urosaurus Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 92 Urosaurus graciosus Hallowell, 1854 Brush Lizard L. gracilis slender, thin and L. -osus full of — ref. narrow head and long tail OD Urosaurus graciosus Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 92 Urosaurus graciosus shannoni Lowe, 1955 NL honors Frederick H. Shannon OD Urosaurus graciosus shannoni Lowe, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, p. 97 Urosaurus microscutatus (Van Denburgh, 1894) Small-scaled Lizard L. micro small and L. scutatus scaled — pres. ref. lack of very enlarged dorsal scales as found in other members of the genus OD Urosaurus microscutatus (Van Denburgh, 1894) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, p. 298 Urosaurus ornatus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Tree Lizard L. ornatus ornamented — OD Urosaurus ornatus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126 (part) Urosaurus ornatus levis (Stejneger, 1890) [:x] L. levis light, mild — prob. ref. to color OD Urosaurus ornatus levis (Stejneger, 1890) - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, p. 108 Urosaurus ornatus linearis (Baird, 1859) [:x] L. linea a line and L. -aris having — "with four linear interrupted black stripes" OD Urosaurus ornatus linearis (Baird, 1859) - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Pt. 2, p. 7 Urosaurus ornatus schmidti (Mittleman, 1940) [:x] NL honors Karl P. Schmidt OD Urosaurus ornatus schmidti (Mittleman, 1940) - Herpetologica, Vol. 2, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 1 Urosaurus ornatus symmetricus (Baird, 1858) [:x] L. symmetricus balanced or equal — ref. regular series of larger dorsal scales OD Urosaurus ornatus symmetricus (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253 Urosaurus ornatus wrightii (Schmidt, 1921) [:x] NL honors Albert Hazen Wright OD Urosaurus ornatus wrighti (Schmidt, 1921) - Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 22, p. 3 Uta Baird and Girard, 1852 SIDE-BLOTCHED LIZARDS NL state of Utah — ref. region where first discovered OD Uta Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, 1852 Side-blotched Lizard (nominate subspecies "Northern Side-Blotched Lizard NL honors Howard S. Stansbury OD Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69 Uta stansburiana elegans Yarrow, 1882 California Side-blotched Lizard L. elegans fine or elegant — OD Uta stansburiana elegans Yarrow, 1882 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 5, p. 442 Uta stansburiana nevadensis Ruthven, 1915 Nevada Side-blotched Lizard NL belonging to the state of Nevada — prob. ref. type locality OD Uta stansburiana nevadensisv Ruthven, 1915 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 26, p. 27, fig. 1 Uta stansburiana stejnegeri Schmidt, 1921 Desert Side-blotched Lizard NL honors Leonhard Stejneger OD Uta stansburiana Stejnegeri Schmidt, 1921 - Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 15, p. 1 Uta stansburiana uniformis Pack and Tanner, 1970 Colorado Side-blotched Lizard L. uniformis uniform or even — OD Uta stansburiana uniformis Pack and Tanner, 1970 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 30, p. 87 Xantusia Baird, 1858 NIGHT LIZARDS NL honors John Xantus OD Xantusia Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255 Xantusia bezyi Papenfuss, Macey and Schulte, 2001 TBA NL honors Robert L. Bezy OD Xantusia bezyi Papenfuss, Macey and Schulte, 2001 - Scientific Papers of the Natural History Museum The University of Kansas 23: 1-9 [tc] Xantusia henshawi Stejneger, 1893 Granite Night Lizard NL honors honors Henry W. Henshaw OD Xantusia henshawi Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 16, p. 467 Xantusia henshawi gracilis Grismer and Galvan, 1986 Sandstone Night Lizard L. gracilis slender — prob. ref. body shape OD Xantusia henshawi gracilis Grismer and Galvan, 1986 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 21, No. 10, p. 155 Xantusia riversiana Cope, 1883 Island Night Lizard NL honors James J. Rivers OD Xantusia riversiana Cope, 1883 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 35, p. 29 Xantusia riversiana reticulata Smith, 1946 San Clemente Night Lizard L. reticulata net-like — prob. ref. pattern OD Xantusia riversiana reticulata Smith, 1946 - Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 36, p. 392 Xantusia vigilis Baird, 1859 Desert Night Lizard L. vigilis alert or watchful — poss. ref. lack of eyelids OD Xantusia vigilis Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255 Xantusia vigilis arizonae Klauber, 1931 Arizona Night Lizard NL of the state of Arizona — type locality, Yavapai County, Arizona OD Xantusia vigilis arizonae Klauber, 1931 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 7, p. 1 pl. 1 Xantusia vigilis sierrae Bezy, 1967 Sierra Night Lizard NL of the Sierra Mountains — type locality, Kern County, CA OD Xantusia vigilis sierrae Bezy, 1967 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 163 Xantusia vigilis utahensis Tanner, 1957 Utah Night Lizard NL belonging to the state of Utah — type locality, Garfield County, UT, 1954 OD Xantusia vigilis utahensis Tanner, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 5 Xantusia vigilis vigilis Baird, 1859 Desert Night Lizard L. vigilis alert or watchful — poss. ref. lack of eyelids OD Xantusia vigilis Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255 SnakesAgkistrodon Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 COPPERHEAD and COTTONMOUTH Gr. ankistron fishhook and Gr. odontos tooth — ref. curved fangs OD Agkistrodon Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 4, p. 381 Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Copperhead L. contortrix female contortionist — poss. ref. condition of specimen or dorsal pattern OD Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 373 Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Southern Copperhead L. contortrix female contortionist — poss. ref. condition of specimen or dorsal pattern OD Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 373 Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus Gloyd and Conant, 1934 Broad-banded Copperhead L. latus side, flank, broad and L. cinctus banded — ref. color/pattern OD Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus Gloyd and Conant, 1934 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 283, p. 2, 1 pl. Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen (Daudin, 1803) Northern Copperhead Native American "moccasin" mistransliterated — Indian footwear OD Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 4, p. 370-footnote Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster Gloyd, 1969 Osage Copperhead Gr. phaios dark, dusky and Gr. gaster belly — "dusky clouded or marbled pattern" on the belly OD Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster Gloyd, 1969 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 82, p. 220 Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Gloyd and Conant, 1943 Trans-Pecos Copperhead L. pictus painted, embroidered Gr. gaster belly — ref. strikingly patterned belly OD Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Gloyd and Conant, 1943 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 156, fig. 10 Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacepede, 1789) Cottonmouth L. piscis fish and L. voro to devour — ref. fish-eating habits of species OD Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacepede, 1789) - Hist. Nat. Serp., Vol. 2, table meth. p. 130 Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Gloyd, 1969 Florida Cottonmouth NL honors Roger Conant OD Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Gloyd, 1969 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 82, p. 226 Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (Troost, 1836) Western Cottonmouth Gr. leukon white and Gr. stoma mouth — ref. white color of mouth lining when snake gapes in threat posture OD Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (Troost, 1836) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 176, pl. 5, figs. 1-4 Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus (Lacepede, 1789) Eastern Cottonmouth L. piscis fish and L. voro to devour — ref. fish-eating habits of species OD Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacepede, 1789) - Hist. Nat. Serp., Vol. 2, table meth. p. 130 Arizona Kennicott, 1859 GLOSSY SNAKES One of two translations is possible: (1) L. areo to be dry and L. zona belt of earth — ref. geographical distribution (2) NL arizonac place of springs — American Indian word, ref. Arizona region OD Arizona Kennicott, 1859 - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 18 Arizona elegans Kennicott, 1859 Eastern Glossy Snake L. elegans fine or elegant — == ref. color pattern OD Arizona elegans Kennicott, 1859 - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 18, pl. 13 Arizona elegans arenicola Dixon, 1960 Texas Glossy Snake L. arenicola inhabitant of a sandy area — ref. principle soil type of habitat OD Arizona elegans arenicola Dixon, 1960 - Southwest. Natur., Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 226 Arizona elegans elegans Kennicott, 1859 Kansas Glossy Snake L. elegans fine or elegant — ref. color pattern OD Arizona elegans Kennicott, 1859 - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 18, pl. 13 Arizona elegans philipi Klauber, 1946 Painted Desert Glossy Snake NL honors Philip M. Klauber OD Arizona elegans philipi Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 333, fig. 1, map 1 Arizona occidentalis Blanchard, 1924 Western Glossy Snake L. occidentalis western — ref. western distribution in the U.S. OD Arizona occidentalis Blanchard, 1924 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 150, p. 1 Arizona occidentalis candida Klauber, 1946 Mohave Glossy Snake L. candida shining white or bright — "subspecies characterised by its light color..." OD Arizona occidentalis candida Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 364, pl. 8, fig. 2, text fig. 1, map Arizona occidentalis eburnata Klauber, 1946 Desert Glossy Snake L. eburnata made of ivory — ref. pale color pattern OD Arizona elegans eburnata Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 350, pl. 8, fig. 1, text fig. 1, map Arizona occidentalis noctivaga Klauber, 1946 Arizona Glossy Snake L. nocti of the night and L. vaga wanderer — "Noctivaga, as the name implies, is nocturnal..." OD Arizona occidentalis noctivaga Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 343, fig. 1, map Bogertophis DESERT RAT SNAKES Dowling and Price, 1988 NL honors Charles M. Bogert OD Bogertophis Dowling and Price, 1988 - The Snake, Vol. 20, p. 52 Bogertophis rosaliae (Mocquard, 1899) Baja California Rat Snake NL ref. type locality Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico OD Bogertophis rosaliae (Mocquard, 1899) - Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Natur. Paris, 4th Series, Vol. 1 (2nd fasc), p. 321 Bogertophis subocularis(Brown, 1901) Trans-Pecos Rat Snake L. sub below and L. oculus the eye and L. -aris having (something) — ref. lorilabial scales below eye on each side of head OD Bogertophis subocularis (Brown, 1901) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 53, p. 492 Bogertophis subocularis subocularis (Brown, 1901) NCN L. sub below and L. oculus the eye and L. -aris having (something) — ref. lorilabial scales below eye on each side of head OD Bogertophis subocularis (Brown, 1901) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 53, p. 492 Carphophis Gervais, 1843 WORM SNAKES Gr. karphos twig, straw, dry particle and Gr. ophis snake — poss. ref. straw-like color or poss. ref. dried specimen OD Carphophis Gervais, 1843 - D'Orbigny's Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., Vol. 3, p. 191 Carphophis amoenus (Say, 1825) Eastern Worm Snake L. amoenus pleasing or lovely — poss. ref. pattern OD Carphophis amoenus (Say, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 237 Carphophis amoenus helenae (Kennicott, 1859) Midwest Worm Snake NL honors Helen Tennison OD Carphophis amoenus helenae (Kennicott, 1859) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 100 Carphophis vermis (Kennicott, 1859) Western Worm Snake L. vermis worm — ref. worm-like appearance of species OD Carphophis vermis (Kennicott, 1859) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 99 Cemophora Cope, 1860 SCARLET SNAKE Gr. kemos muzzle and Gr. phoros bearing — ref. pronounced rostral scale OD Cemophora Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 244 Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) Scarlet Snake L. coccinea of scarlet or crimson — Baird and Girard, 1853: refer to the color of dorsal blotches "said to be crimson in life" OD Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) - Voigt's Mag. Neu. Phys. Naturg., Vol. 5, Pt. 1, p. 11, pl. 1 Cemophora coccinea coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) Florida Scarlet Snake L. coccinea of scarlet or crimson — Baird and Girard, 1853: refer to teh color of dorsal blotches "said to be crimson in life" OD Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) - Voigt's Mag. Neu. Phys. Naturg., Vol. 5, Pt. 1, p. 11, pl. 1 Cemophora coccinea copei Jan, 1863 Northern Scarlet Snake NL honors Edward Drinker Cope OD Cemophora coccinea copei Jan, 1863 - Sist. Ofidi Gruppo Coronellidae, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., Vol. 2, p. 231 Cemophora coccinea lineri Williams, Brown and Wilson, 1966 Texas Scarlet Snake NL honors Ernest A. Liner OD Cemophora coccinea lineri Williams, Brown and Wilson, 1966 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 18, p. 85 Charina Gray, 1849 RUBBER and ROSY BOAS Gr. charieis graceful, delightful — OD Charina Gray, 1849 - Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 113 Charina bottae (Blainville, 1835) Rubber Boa NL honors Paolo E. Botta OD Charina bottae (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 289, pl. 26, figs. 1, 1B Charina trivirgata (Cope, 1861) Rosy Boa L. tri three and L. virgata striped — ref. color pattern OD Charina trivirgata Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 304 Charina trivirgata gracia (Klauber, 1931) Desert Rosy Boa NL honors Grace Gould Klauber OD Charina trivirgata gracia Klauber, 1931 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 20, p. 307 Charina trivirgata roseofusca (Cope, 1868) Coastal Rosy Boa L. roseus ruddy and L. fusca dusky — OD Charina trivirgata roseofusca Cope, 1868 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 20, p. 2 Charina trivirgata trivirgata (Cope, 1861) Mexican Rosy Boa L. tri three and L. virgata striped — OD Charina trivirgata Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 304 Chilomeniscus Cope, 1860 SAND SNAKES Gr. cheilos margin, lip or brim and Gr. meniskos little moon or crescent — ref. shape of the rostral scale OD Chilomeniscus Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol.12, p. 339 Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope, 1861 Banded Sand Snake L. cinctus belted, girdled — ref. body bands OD Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 303 Chionactis Cope, 1860 SHOVELNOSE SNAKES Gr. chion snow and Gr. aktis ray or beam — OD Chionactis Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 241 Chionactis occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) Western Shovelnose Snake L. occiputalis pertaining to the back of the head — OD Chionactis occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95 Chionactis occipitalis annulata (Baird, 1859) Colorado Desert Shovelnose Snake L. annulata ringed — ref. banded body OD Chionactis occipitalis annulata (Baird, 1859) - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 22, pl. 21 Chionactis occipitalis klauberi (Stickel, 1941) Tucson Shovelnose Snake NL honors Laurence M. Klauber OD Chionactis occipitalis klauberi (Stickel, 1941) - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 6, p. 138 Chionactis occipitalis occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) Mojave Shovelnose Snake L. occiputalis pertaining to the back of the head — OD Chionactis occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95 Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber, 1951 Nevada Shovelnose Snake L. talpa a mole and L. -ina belonging to — "Mole-like" to denote its fossorial habits" OD Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber, 1951 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, p. 172, pl. 10, fig. 1, map Chionactis palarostris (Klauber, 1937) Sonoran Shovelnose Snake L. palar palisade stakes and L. rostris of the nose or beak — ref. more OD Chionactis palarostris (Klauber, 1937) - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 363 Chionactis palarostris organica Klauber, 1951 Organ Pipe Shovelnose Snake Gr. organon an organ and L. -ica belonging to — ref. its habitat in the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument OD Chionactis palarostris organica Klauber, 1951 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, p. 178, pl. 10, fig. 2, map Chionactis saxatilis Funk, 1967 Mountain Shovelnose Snake L. saxatilis dwelling or growing — ref. described habitat of species amongst rocks OD Chionactis saxatilis Funk, 1967 - Southwest. Natur., Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 180 Clonophis Cope, 1889 KIRTLAND'S SNAKE Two possibilities: (1) Gr. klonion twig, branch and Gr. ophis snake — ref. appearance of body and pattern on top (2) Gr. klonos violent, confused motion and Gr. ophis snake — ref. ability to flatten body and writhe when disturbed OD Clonophis Cope, 1889 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 11, p. 391 Clonophis kirtlandii (Kennicott, 1856) Kirtland's Snake NL honors Jared P. Kirtland OD Clonophis kirtlandii (Kennicott, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 95 Coluber Linnaeus, 1758 RACERS L. coluber snake or serpent — OD Coluber Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 216 Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 Eastern Racer L. constrictor one that constricts — misnomer, genus does not constrict OD Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 216 Coluber constrictor anthicus (Cope, 1862) Buttermilk Racer Gr. anthikos pertaining to flowers or white speckled — ref. color pattern of adults OD Coluber constrictor anthicus (Cope, 1862) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 14, p. 338 Coluber constrictor constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 Northern Black Racer L. constrictor one that constricts — misnomer, genus does not constrict OD Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 216 Coluber constrictor etheridgei Wilson, 1970 Tan Racer NL honors Richard E. Etheridge OD Coluber constrictor etheridgei Wilson, 1970 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 75 Coluber constrictor flaviventris Say, 1823 Yellowbelly Racer L. flavi yellow and L. ventris of the belly — Baird and Girard 1852: "Beneath bright greenish yellow" OD Coluber constrictor flaviventris Say, 1823 - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 185 Coluber constrictor foxi (Baird and Girard, 1853) [:x] NL honors Charles Fox OD Coluber constrictor foxi (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 96 Coluber constrictor helvigularis Auffenberg, 1955 Brownchin Racer L. helvus honey-yellow and L. gula throat and L. -aris having a — OD Coluber constrictor helvigularis Auffenberg, 1955 - Tulane Stud. Zool., Vol. 2, No. 6, p. 105 Coluber constrictor latrunculus Wilson, 1970 Blackmask Racer L. latrunculus bandit or highwayman — ref. black eye mask OD Coluber constrictor latrunculus Wilson, 1970 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 78 Coluber constrictor oaxaca (Jan, 1863) Mexican Racer NL state of Oaxaca, Mexico — whence holotype purportedly came OD Coluber constrictor oaxaca (Jan, 1863) - Eleco Sist. Ofidi, p. 63 Coluber constrictor paludicola Auffenberg and Babbitt, 1955 Everglades Racer L. paludicola inhabitant of a swamp — ref. habitat OD Coluber constrictor paludicola Auffenberg and Babbitt, 1953 - Copeia, p. 44 Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn and Wood, 1939 Southern Black Racer L. Priapus god of procreation — ref. hemipenial structure. OD Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn and Wood, 1939 - Notulae Naturae Philadelphia, No. 5, p. 4 Coluber mormon Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Racer NL Mormon — "found by Capt. Howard Stansbury's party, in the valley of the Great Salt Lake" settled by Mormon religionists OD Coluber mormon Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 70 Coniophanes Hallowell, 1860 BLACK-STRIPED SNAKES Gr. konis dust, ashes and Gr. phanes appearing like — poss. ref. tiny black speckles on white supralabials and edges of ventrals in the type specimen OD Coniophanes Hallowell, 1860 - in Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 248 Coniophanes imperialis (Baird, 1859) Black-striped Snake L. imperialis imperial, kingly — may ref. purplish/black dorsal color OD Coniophanes imperialis (Baird, 1859) - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 23, pl. 19, fig. 1 Coniophanes imperialis imperialis (Baird, 1859) Black-striped Snake L. imperialis imperial, kingly — may ref. purplish/black dorsal color OD Coniophanes imperialis (Baird, 1859) - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 23, pl. 19, fig. 1 Contia Baird and Girard, 1853 SHARPTAIL SNAKE NL honors John L. Le Conte, MD OD Contia Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 110 Contia tenuis (Baird and Girard, 1852) Sharptail Snake L. tenuis thin, narrow, slender — "body slender" OD Contia tenuis (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 176 Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 RATTLESNAKES Gr. krotalon a rattle — ref. rattle on tail, typical of all but one member of genus OD Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 214 Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Gr. adamantos unyielding, hard, stubborn — OD Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 4, p. 368, figs. 1, 2 Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard, 1853 Western Diamondback Rattlesnake L. atrox dark, fierce, savage — ref. to sometimes savage disposition of this species OD Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 5 Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, 1854 Sidewinder Gr. kerastes horned — ref. "horns" on head OD Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95 Crotalus cerastes cerastes Hallowell, 1854 Mojave Desert Sidewinder Gr. kerastes horned — ref. "horns" on head OD Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95 Crotalus cerastes cercobombus Savage and Cliff, 1953 Sonoran Sidewinder Gr. kerkos tail and Gr. bombos to buzz, deep tone — probably refers to the sound of its rattles OD Crotalus cerastes cercobombus Savage and Cliff, 1953 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 119, p. 2 Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Klauber, 1944 Colorado Desert Sidewinder L. later side and L.repens creeping or crawling — ref. curious style of "sidewinder" locomotion OD Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Klauber, 1944 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 94, fig. 2, map Crotalus exsul Garman, 1883 Red Diamond Rattlesnake L. exulo exile — OD Crotalus exsul Garman, 1883 [nc][tc] Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758 Timber Rattlesnake L. horridus dreadful — ref. venomous nature of this snake OD Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 214 Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) Rock Rattlesnake L. lepidus neat, graceful, pleasant — described from alcoholic heads OD Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 206 Crotalus lepidus klauberi Gloyd, 1936 Banded Rock Rattlesnake NL honors Laurence M. Klauber OD Crotalus lepidus klauberi Gloyd, 1936 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 337, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1 Crotalus lepidus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) Mottled Rock Rattlesnake L. lepidus neat, graceful, pleasant — described from alcoholic heads OD Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 206 Crotalus mitchelli (Cope, 1861) Speckled Rattlesnake NL honors S. Weir Mitchell OD Crotalus mitchellii (Cope, 1861) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 293 Crotalus mitchelli pyrrhus (Cope, 1867) Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake Honors Pyrrus, or refers to Gr. pyrrhos flame colored, reddish OD Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 308 Crotalus mitchelli stephensi Klauber, 1930 Panamint Rattlesnake NL honors Frank Stephens OD Crotalus mitchellii stephensi Klauber, 1930 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 108 Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard, 1853 Blacktail Rattlesnake L. Molossos hound or mastiff — poss. ref. disposition or broad muzzle OD Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 10 Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh, 1895 Twin-spotted Rattlesnake NL honors William W. Price OD Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh, 1895 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, p. 856 Crotalus ruber Cope, 1892 [:x] L. ruber red — ref. reddish color of dorsum OD Crotalus ruber Cope, 1892 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 14, p. 690 Crotalus scutulatus (Kennicott, 1861) Mojave Rattlesnake L. scutulatus having a shield shaped patch — ref. dorsal pattern OD Crotalus scutulatus (Kennicott, 1861) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 207 Crotalus tigris Kennicott, 1859 Tiger Rattlesnake L. tigris of a tiger — ref. color and pattern OD Crotalus tigris Kennicott, 1859 - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 14, pl. 4 Crotalus viridis Rafinesque, 1818 Western Rattlesnake L. viridis green — some adults on Great Plains have light greenish-gray color on dorsum OD Crotalus viridis Rafinesque, 1818 - Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, Nov. p. 41 Crotalus viridis abyssus Klauber, 1930 Grand Canyon Rattlesnake Gr. abyssos bottomless — range restricted to Grand Canyon area OD Crotalus viridis abyssus Klauber, 1930 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 114, pl. 11, fig. 1 Crotalus viridis cerberus (Coues, 1875) Arizona Black Rattlesnake Gr. Cerberus, the three-headed dog of Hades OD Crotalus viridis cerberus (Coues, 1875) - in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 606 Crotalus viridis concolor Woodbury, 1929 Midget Faded Rattlesnake L. concolor of the same colors — OD Crotalus viridis concolor Woodbury, 1929 - Bull. Univ. Utah, Vol. 20, No. 6, p. 3, figs. 1-2 Crotalus viridis helleri Meek, 1905 Southern Pacific Rattlesnake NL honors Edmund Heller OD Crotalus viridis helleri Meek, 1905 - Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Zool., Vol. 7, p. 17 Crotalus viridis lutosus Klauber, 1936 Great Basin Rattlesnake L. lutosus muddy, full of mud — ref. brownish dorsal color OD Crotalus viridis lutosus Klauber, 1930 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 100 Crotalus viridis nuntius Klauber, 1936 Hopi Rattlesnake L. nuntius messenger — ref. use of these snakes as messengers to the gods in the Hopi Snake Ceremonial OD Crotalus viridis nuntius Klauber, 1935 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, No. 13, p. 78, pl. 8, fig. 1, map 1 Crotalus viridis oreganus Holbrook, 1840 Northern Pacific Rattlesnake NL belonging to the state of Oregon — ref. to type locality, "banks of Oregon or Columbia River" OD Crotalus viridis oreganus Holbrook, 1840 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, p. 115, pl. 29 [24 in text] Crotalus viridis viridis Rafinesque, 1818 Prairie Rattlesnake L. viridis green — some adults on Great Plains have light greenish-gray dorsal coloration OD Crotalus viridis Rafinesque, 1818 - Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, Nov. p. 41 Crotalus willardi Meek, 1905 Ridgenose Rattlesnake (nominate subspecies "Arizona Ridgenose Rattlesnake"> NL honors Frank C. Willard OD Crotalus willardi Meek, 1905 - Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Zool., Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 18, pl. 3 Crotalus willardi obscurus Harris and Simmons, 1976 New Mexico Ridgenose Rattlesnake L. obscurus dusky — ref. absence of white flash-marks on head OD Crotalus willardi obscurus Harris and Simmons, 1976 - Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc., Vol. 12, No. 1 p. 5 Diadophis Baird and Girard, 1853 RINGNECK SNAKES L. diadema crown and Gr. ophis snake — "generally w/a light ring on the occipital region." OD Diadophis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 112 Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Ringneck Snake L. punctatus dotted — ref. to spotted belly of species OD Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 376 Diadophis punctatus acricus Paulson, 1966 Key Ringneck Snake Gr. akros at the end, tip and L. -icus belonging — pres. ref. habitat in the Florida keys OD Diadophis punctatus acricus Paulson, 1968 - Quarterly Journal Florida Acad. Sci., Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 295-308 Diadophis punctatus amabilis Baird and Girard, 1853 Pacific Ringneck Snake L. amabilis lovely — prob. ref. appearance OD Diadophis punctatus amabilis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 113 Diadophis punctatus arnyi Kennicott, 1859 Prairie Ringneck Snake NL honors Samuel Arny OD Diadophis punctatus arnyi Kennicott, 1859 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 99 Diadophis punctatus edwardsii (Merrem, 1820) Northern Ringneck Snake NL honors George Edwards OD Diadophis punctatus edwardsii (Merrem, 1820) - Tent. Syst. Amphib., p. 136 Diadophis punctatus modestus Bocourt, 1886 San Bernardino Ringneck Snake L. modestus calm, modest, unpretentious — OD Diadophis punctatus modestus Bocourt, 1886 - in Dumeril, Bocourt and Mocquard, Miss. Sci. Mex. et dans L'Amerique Centrale, Vol. 3, Pt. 10, p. 623 Diadophis punctatus occidentalis Blanchard, 1923 Northwestern Ringneck Snake L. occidentalis western — prob. ref. distribution OD Diadophis punctatus occidentalis Blanchard, 1923 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 142, p. 6 Diadophis punctatus pulchellus Baird and Girard, 1853 Coralbelly Ringneck Snake L. pulcher beautiful and L. -ellus little — OD Diadophis punctatus pulchellus Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 115 Diadophis punctatus punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Southern Ringneck Snake L. punctatus dotted — ref. spotted belly of species OD Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 376 Diadophis punctatus regalis Baird and Girard, 1853 Regal Ringneck Snake L. regalis royal — ref. lack of occipital ring, poss. "royal" but "uncrowned" OD Diadophis punctatus regalis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 115 Diadophis punctatus similis Blanchard, 1923 San Diego Ringneck Snake L. similis like or similar to — poss. ref. similarity to other ringneck snakes OD Diadophis punctatus similis Blanchard, 1923 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 142, p. 4 Diadophis punctatus stictogenys Cope, 1860 Mississippi Ringneck Snake Gr. stiktos dotted and Gr. genys cheek or under jaw — OD Diadophis punctatus stictogenys Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 250 Diadophis punctatus vandenburghi Blanchard, 1923 Monterey Ringneck Snake NL honors John Van Denburgh OD Diadophis punctatus vandenburgii Blanchard, 1923 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 142, p. 5 *[check spelling]* Drymarchon Fitzinger, 1843 INDIGO SNAKES Gr. drymos oak wood, forest and Gr. archos commander, chief — poss ref. large size of these snakes OD Drymarchon Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 26 Drymarchon corais (Boie, 1827) Western Indigo Snake Gr. corax dark as a raven or crow — poss. ref. anterior black color found on some adults OD Drymarchon corais (Boie, 1827) - Isis, Vol. 20, p. 537 Drymarchon corais erebennus (Cope, 1860) Texas Indigo Snake Gr. erebennus dark, like Erebus — ref. color pattern OD Drymarchon corais erebennus (Cope, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 342, p. 564 Drymarchon couperi (Holbrook, 1842) Eastern Indigo Snake NL honors James Hamilton Couper OD Drymarchon couperi (Holbrook, 1842) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 3, p. 75, pl. 16 Drymobius Fitzinger, 1843 SPECKLED RACERS Gr. drymos oak wood or forest and Gr. bios life, manner of living — ref. habitat OD Drymobius Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 26 Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) Speckled Racer L. margarita pearl and L. -iferus bearing — ref. dorsum "strewn with pearls" OD Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) - Essai Physion. Serp., Pt. 2 [Partie descriptive], p. 184 Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) Northern Speckled Racer L. margarita pearl and L. -iferus bearing — ref. dorsum "strewn with pearls" OD Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) - Essai Physion. Serp., Pt. 2 [Partie descriptive], p. 184 Elaphe Fitzinger in Wagler, 1833 RAT SNAKES and FOX SNAKES Gr. elaphos deer — misnomer, presumed swiftness OD Elaphe Fitzinger in Wagler, 1833 - Descr. Icon. Amph., Pt. 3, text to plate 27 Elaphe bairdi (Yarrow, 1880) Baird's Rat Snake NL honors Spencer Fullerton Baird OD Elaphe bairdi (Yarrow, 1880) - in Cope, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 41 Elaphe emoryi (Baird and Girard, 1853) Great Plains Rat Snake (nominate subspecies "Northern Plains Rat Snake") NL honors William H. Emory OD Elaphe emoryi (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 157 Elaphe emoryi meahllmorum Smith, Chiszar, Staley and Tepedelen, 1994 South Plains Rat Snake NL honors meahllmorum — eleven associates of the senior author OD Elaphe emoryi meahllmorum Smith, Chiszar, Staley and Tepedelen. 1994. Texas Journal of Science, 46(3):259-292 [tc] Elaphe gloydi Conant, 1940 Eastern Fox Snake NL honors Howard Kay Gloyd OD Elaphe gloydi Conant, 1940 - Herpetologica, Vol. 2, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, text fig. 1, map 1 Elaphe guttata (Linnaeus, 1766) Corn Snake L. guttata splattered, spotted — ref. spotted or blotched pattern of species OD Elaphe guttata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 385 Elaphe obsoleta (Say, 1823) Eastern Rat Snake L. obsoleta dim, faded — ref. fading of juvenile pattern OD Elaphe obsoleta (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 140 Elaphe obsoleta lindheimerii (Baird and Girard, 1853) Texas Rat Snake NL honors Ferdinand J. Lindheimer OD Elaphe obsoleta lindheimerii (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 74 Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta (Say, 1823) Black Rat Snake L. obsoleta dim, faded — ref. fading of juvenile pattern OD Elaphe obsoleta (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 140 Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata (Holbrook, 1836) Yellow Rat Snake L. quadravittata wearing four stripes — ref. four dark longitudinal stripes on dorsum OD Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 113, pl. 21 Elaphe obsoleta rossalleni Neill, 1949 Everglades Rat Snake NL honors Ensil Ross Allen OD Elaphe obsoleta rossalleni Neill, 1949 - Herpetologica, Vol. 5, Suppl. 2, p. 1 Elaphe obsoleta spiloides (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) Gray Rat Snake Gr. spilos spot, blemish and Gr. -eidos similarity to a — ref. blotched pattern on dorsum OD Elaphe obsoleta spiloides (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 7, Pt. 1, p. 269 Elaphe slowinskii Burbrink, 2002 Slowinski's Corn Snake NL honors *BIO*(1962-2001) Joseph B. Slowinski OD Elaphe slowinskii Burbrink, Frank T. 2002. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25(3): 465-476. [tc] Elaphe subocularis (Brown, 1901)[:x] L. sub below and L. oculus the eye and L. -aris having (something) — ref. lorilabial scales below eye on each side of head OD Elaphe subocularis (Brown, 1901) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 53, p. 492, pl. 29 Elaphe vulpina (Baird and Girard, 1853) Western Fox Snake L. vulpes fox and L. -ina little — honors Charles Fox OD Elaphe vulpina (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 75 Farancia Gray, 1842 MUD SNAKE and RAINBOW SNAKE nk coined name — ref. unknown - Gotch, 1986: Dr. J.E. Gray, Zoologist, British Museum Natural History, (1800-1875), "well known for inventing many apparently meaningless scientific names." OD Farancia Gray, 1842 - Zool. Misc., p. 68 fasciata, Nerodia Farancia abacura (Holbrook, 1836) Mud Snake Gr. abakos abacus and Gr. oura tail — Baird and Girard, 1852: "blueish black w/subquadrate red spots...abdomen red with transverse or alternating blueish black irregular spots." OD Farancia abacura (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 119, pl. 23 Farancia abacura abacura (Holbrook, 1836) Eastern Mud Snake Gr. abakos abacus and Gr. oura tail — Baird and Girard, 1852: "blueish black w/subquadrate red spots...abdomen red w/transverse or alternating blueish black irregular spots." OD Farancia abacura (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 119, pl. 23 Farancia abacura reinwardtii Schlegel, 1837 Western Mud Snake NL honors Caspar G.C. Reinwardt OD Farancia abacura reinwardtii Schlegel, 1837 - Essai Physion. Serp., Pt. 1 [Partie generale], p. 173 Farancia erytrogramma (Latreille, 1802) Rainbow Snake Gr. erythros red and Gr. gramma written, marked or lined — ref. distibution of black pigment around red scales and longitudinal red stripes OD Farancia erytrogramma (Palisot de Beauvois, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 3, p. 88 Farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma (Latreille, 1802) Rainbow Snake Gr. erythros red and Gr. gramma written, marked or lined — ref. distibution of black pigment around red scales and longitudinal red stripes OD Farancia erytrogramma (Palisot de Beauvois, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 3, p. 88 Farancia erytrogramma seminola Neill, 1964 South Florida Rainbow Snake NL honors Seminole Native American group — type locality, Glades County, FL OD Farancia erytrogramma seminola Neill, 1964 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 71, p. 270 Ficimia Gray, 1849 MEXICAN HOOKNOSE SNAKES nk coined name — see Farancia OD Ficimia Gray, 1849 - Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 80 Ficimia streckeri Taylor, 1931 Mexican Hooknose Snake NL honors John K. Strecker, Jr. OD Ficimia streckeri Taylor, 1931 - Copeia, p. 5 Gyalopion Cope, 1861 PLATEAU HOOKNOSE SNAKES Gr. gyalopion small hollow — poss. ref. up-turned rostral with distinct concave dorsal surface. OD Gyalopion Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 243 Gyalopion canum (Cope, 1861) Western Hooknose Snake L. canum grey or whitish grey — poss. ref. color when preserved OD Gyalopion canum (Cope, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 241, p. 243 (footnote) Gyalopion quadrangularis (Gunther, 1893) Desert Hooknose Snake L. quadrus four fold and L. angularis having angles or corners — ref. shape of dark dorsal blotches OD Gyalopion quadrangularis (Gunther, 1893) - Biol. Centr. Amer. Rept. and Batr., p. 99, pl. 35, fig. A Heterodon Latreille, 1801 HOGNOSE SNAKES Gr. heteros different or other and Gr. odotos tooth — prob. ref. enlarged posterior maxillary teeth OD Heterodon Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 32 Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Hognose Snake NL nasica with a large or pointed nose — "The nasal is proportionally large" OD Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 70 Heterodon nasicus gloydi Edgren, 1952 Dusty Hognose Snake NL honors Howard Kay Gloyd OD Heterodon nasicus gloydi Edgren, 1952 - Nat. Hist. Misc., Chgo. Acad. Sci., No. 112, p. 3 Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi Kennicott, 1860 Mexican Hognose Snake NL honors Caleb B.R. Kennerly OD Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 336 Heterodon nasicus nasicus Baird and Girard, 1852 Plains Hognose Snake NL nasica with a large or pointed nose — "The nasal is proportionally large" OD Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 70 Heterodon platirhinos Latreille, 1802 Eastern Hognose Snake Gr. plati broad or flat and Gr. rhinos nose — ref. flat enlarged rostral scale on moderately upturned snout OD Heterodon platirhinos Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 32 Heterodon simus (Linnaeus, 1766) Southern Hognose Snake L. simus snub nosed — ref. markedly upturned rostral scale on snout OD Heterodon simus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 375 Hypsiglena Cope, 1860 NIGHT SNAKES Gr. hypsi on high and Gr. glenes eyeball — prob. ref. vertical pupil OD Hypsiglena Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 246 Hypsiglena torquata (Gunther, 1860) Night Snake L. torquata wearing a necklace — OD Hypsiglena torquata (Gunther, 1860) - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. 5, p. 170, pl. 10, fig. A Hypsiglena torquata deserticola Tanner, 1946 [1944] [:x] L. deserticola inhabitant of a dry place — ref. habitat OD Hypsiglena torquata deserticola Tanner, "1944" 1945 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 5, p. 59, pl. 1, 3, fig. 3, map Hypsiglena torquata jani (Duges, 1865) Texas Night Snake NL honors George Jan OD Hypsiglena torquata jani (Duges, 1866) - Mem. Acad. Sci. Lett. Montpellier, Vol. 6, p. 32 Hypsiglena torquata klauberi Tanner, 1944 [:x] NL honors Laurence M. Klauber OD Hypsiglena torquata klauberi Tanner, "1944" 1945 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 5, p. 71, pl. 1, map Hypsiglena torquata loreala Tanner, 1944 Mesa Verde Night Snake L. loreus made of thongs, like a bridle or reins — poss. ref. to loreal area OD Hypsiglena torquata loreala Tanner, "1944" 1945 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 5, p. 63, pl. 2, figs. 1, 8 Hypsiglena torquata nuchalata Tanner, 1943 California Night Snake L. nucha neck and L. latus side — "pertaining to the side of the neck" OD Hypsiglena torquata nuchalata Tanner, 1943 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 4, 1943, p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 2, map Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha Cope, 1860 Spotted Night Snake Gr. ochros/a pale, yellow-ochre and Gr. rhynchos snout — OD Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhynchus Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 246 Lampropeltis Fitzinger, 1843 KINGSNAKES Gr. lampros shiny and Gr. pelta shield — ref. smooth, shiny dorsal scales characteristic of this genus OD Lampropeltis Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 25 Lampropeltis alterna (Brown, 1901) Gray-banded Kingsnake L. alterna alternate — ref. coloration OD Lampropeltis alterna (Brown, "1901" 1902) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 53, Feb. 6, 1902, p. 612 Lampropeltis calligaster (Harlan, 1827) Prairie Kingsnake Gr. kallos beauty and Gr. gaster belly — poss. ref. to belly pattern and color OD Lampropeltis calligaster (Harlan, 1827) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 359 Lampropeltis calligaster occipitolineata Price, 1987 South Florida Mole Kingsnake L. occiput back of head and L. lineata lined or striped — OD Lampropeltis calligaster occipitolineata Price, 1987 - Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc., Vol. 22, No. 9, p. 148 Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata (Holbrook, 1840) Mole Kingsnake Gr. rhombos geometric figure and L. maculata spotted — Baird and Girard, 1852: "52 dorsal blotches... rhomboidal" OD Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata (Holbrook, 1840) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, p. 103, pl. 20 Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766) Common Kingsnake L. getulus area in N. Africa — poss. error in location data OD Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 382 Lampropeltis getula californiae (Blainville, 1835) California Kingsnake NL of the state of California — ref. range OD Lampropeltis getula californiae (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 292, pl. 27, fig. 1 Lampropeltis getula floridana Blanchard, 1919 Florida Kingsnake NL belonging to the state of Florida — ref. range OD Lampropeltis getula floridana Blanchard, 1919 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 70, p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1 Lampropeltis getula getula (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Kingsnake L. getulus area in N. Africa — poss. error in location data OD Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 382 Lampropeltis getula holbrooki Stejneger, 1902 Speckled Kingsnake NL honors John Edward Holbrook OD Lampropeltis getula holbrooki Stejneger, 1902 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 25, p. 152 Lampropeltis getula nigra (Yarrow, 1882) Black Kingsnake L. niger black — ref. dorsal coloration OD Lampropeltis getula nigra (Yarrow, 1882) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 5, p. 438 Lampropeltis getula nigrita Zweifel and Norris, 1955 Black Desert Kingsnake L. nigra black and L. -ita provided with — ref. uniform slaty black dorsal coloration OD Lampropeltis getula nigrita Zweifel and Norris, 1955 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 54, p. 238 Lampropeltis getula splendida (Baird and Girard, 1853) Desert Kingsnake L. splendida bright, shining, splendid — ref. pattern OD Lampropeltis getula splendida (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 83 Lampropeltis getula sticticeps Barbour and Engels, 1942 [:x] Gr. stiktos spotted and Gr. kephos head — ref. to light spots on head OD Lampropeltis getula sticticeps Barbour and Engels, 1942 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 20, p. 101, pl. 16 Lampropeltis mexicana (Garman, 1884) [:x] NL belonging to Mexico — ref. type locality near San Luis Potosi in Mexico, 1879 OD Lampropeltis mexicana (Garman, 1883) - Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 66 Lampropeltis pyromelana (Cope, 1867) Sonoran Mountain Kingsnake Gr. pyrrh flame colored and Gr. melaina black — ref. red and black dorsal pattern OD Lampropeltis pyromelana (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 305 Lampropeltis pyromelana infralabialis Tanner, 1953 [:x] L. infra below and L. labialis of the lips — ref. diagnostic scale character in the infralabials. OD Lampropeltis pyromelana infralabialis Tanner, 1953 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 13, No. 1-2, p. 56 Lampropeltis pyromelana pyromelana (Cope, 1867) Arizona Mountain Kingsnake Gr. pyrrh flame colored and Gr. melaina black — ref. red and black dorsal pattern OD Lampropeltis pyromelana (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 305 Lampropeltis pyromelana woodini Tanner, 1953 Huachuca Mountain Kingsnake NL honors William H. Woodin OD Lampropeltis pyromelana woodini Tanner, 1953 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 13, No. 1-2, p. 54 Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepede, 1788) Milk Snake L. tri three and L. angulum angle or corner — ref. 3 angled feature pattern on head OD Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepede, 1788) - Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., Vol. 2, tabl. meth., p. 86 Lampropeltis triangulum amaura Cope, 1860 Louisiana Milk Snake Gr. amauros dark, dim — OD Lampropeltis triangulum amaura Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 258 Lampropeltis triangulum annulata Kennicott, 1860 Mexican Milk Snake L. annulata ringed — prob. ref. ringed pattern OD Lampropeltis triangulum annulata Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 329 Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops Stejneger, 1903 New Mexico Milk Snake Gr. kelainos black, dark and Gr. -ops of the face — ref. black color of head OD Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops Stejneger, 1903 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 25, p. 153 Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides (Holbrook, 1838) Scarlet Kingsnake NL elaps kind of serpent and NL -oides similarity to a — Coral Snakes originally genus Elaps, so refers to the similarity of this species' pattern and colors to coral snakes. OD Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 2, p. 123, pl. 28 Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Central Plains Milk Snake L. gentilis clansman, kinsman — OD Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 90 Lampropeltis triangulum multistriata Kennicott, 1860 Pale Milk Snake L. multus many and L. striata furrowed or grooved — OD Lampropeltis triangulum multistriata Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 328 Lampropeltis triangulum syspila (Cope, 1888) Red Milk Snake Gr. sys together and Gr. spilos spots — OD Lampropeltis triangulum syspila (Cope, 1889) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 11, p. 384 Lampropeltis triangulum taylori Tanner and Loomis, 1957 Utah Milk Snake NL honors Edward H. Taylor OD Lampropeltis triangulum taylori Tanner and Loomis, 1957 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 60, p. 31 Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacepede, 1788) Eastern Milk Snake L. tri three and L. angulum angle or corner — ref. three angled figure on head OD Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepede, 1788) - Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., Vol. 2, tabl. meth., p. 86 Lampropeltis zonata (Blainville, 1835) California Mountain Kingsnake Gr. zonata banded — ref. black banding OD Lampropeltis zonata (Lockington, 1876 ex Blainville, 1835) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 52 ex Blainville, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris., Ser. 3, Vol. 4, p. 293 Lampropeltis zonata multicincta (Yarrow, 1882) Sierra Mountain Kingsnake L. multi many and L. cincta banded — ref. banded dorsal pattern OD Lampropeltis zonata multicincta (Yarrow, 1882) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 5, p. 440 Lampropeltis zonata multifasciata (Bocourt, 1886) Coast Mountain Kingsnake L. multi many and L. fasciata bundled, banded — ref. banded dorsal pattern OD Lampropeltis zonata multifasciata (Bocourt, 1886) - in Dumeril, Bocourt and Mocquard, Miss. Sci. Mex. et dans L'Amerique Centrale, Vol. 3, Pt. 10, p. 616 Lampropeltis zonata parvirubra Zweifel, 1952 San Bernardino Mountain Kingsnake L. parvus little and L. rubra red, reddish — OD Lampropeltis zonata parvirubra Zweifel, 1952 - Copeia, p. 160 Lampropeltis zonata pulchra Zweifel, 1952 San Diego Mountain Kingsnake L. pulchra beautiful — OD Lampropeltis zonata pulchra Zweifel, 1952 - Copeia, p. 162 Lampropeltis zonata zonata (Blainville, 1835) St. Helena Mountain Kingsnake Gr. zonata banded — ref. black banding OD Lampropeltis zonata (Lockington, 1876 ex Blainville, 1835) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 52 ex Blainville, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris., Ser. 3, Vol. 4, p. 293 Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843 CAT-EYED SNAKES Gr. leptos slender, thin and Gr. deire neck — ref. to head being distinct from neck OD Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 27 Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott, 1859) Northern Cat-eyed Snake L. septentrion north and L. -alis of the — prob. ref. area collected being north of the other Dipsas then known OD Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott, 1859) - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 16, pl. 8, fig. 1 Leptotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843 BLIND SNAKES Gr. leptos slender or thin and Gr. typhlos blind and Gr. ops eye — ref. small size, slender aspect and lack of functional eyes OD Leptotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 24 Leptotyphlops dulcis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Texas Blind Snake L. dulcis sweet — no specific reason in original description OD Leptotyphlops dulcis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 142 Leptotyphlops dulcis dissectus (Cope, 1896) New Mexico Blind Snake L. dis twice and L. sectus cleft — poss ref. to divided supralabial OD Leptotyphlops dulcis dissectus (Cope, 1896) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 30, p. 753 Leptotyphlops dulcis dulcis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Plains Blind Snake L. dulcis sweet — no specific reason in original description OD Leptotyphlops dulcis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 142 Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Southwestern Blind Snake L. humilis small or ground dwelling — no specific reason in original description OD Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 143 Leptotyphlops humilis cahuilae Klauber, 1931 Desert Blind Snake NL of Lake Cahuila — near the type locality, CA OD Leptotyphlops humilis cahuilae Klauber, 1931 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 23, p. 339 Leptotyphlops humilis humilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Southwestern Blind Snake L. humilis small or ground dwelling — no specific reason in original description OD Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 143 Leptotyphlops humilis segregus Klauber, 1939 Trans-Pecos Blind Snake L. segregus separate, removed from another — ref. isolated geographical distribution OD Leptotyphlops humilis segregus Klauber, 1939 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 9, No. 14a, p. 67 Leptotyphlops humilis utahensis Tanner, 1938 Utah Blind Snake NL belonging to the state of Utah — type locality, Washington County, UT OD Leptotyphlops humilis utahensis Tanner, 1938 - Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, Vol. 15, p. 149 Lichanura Cope, 1861 [:x] Gr. lichanos forefinger and Gr. oura tail — poss. ref. body form or poss. ref. stumpy tail OD Lichanura Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 304 Liochlorophis Oldham and Smith, 1991 SMOOTH GREEN SNAKE Gr. leio smooth and Gr. chlor- green and Gr. ophis — smooth green snake OD Liochlorophis Oldham and Smith, 1991 - Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc., Vol. 27, pages 201-215 (208). *[note: order of authors' names incorrect in CNAH checklist, Jan. 17, 2007]* Liochlorophis vernalis (Harlan, 1827) Smooth Green Snake L. vernalis pertaining to spring — Baird and Girard, 1852: "uniform green" or ref. presumed seasonal activity period; formerly Opheodrys OD Liochlorophis vernalis (Harlan, 1827) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 361 Masticophis Baird and Girard, 1853 WHIPSNAKES Gr. mastix whip and Gr. ophis snake — ref. body shape and braided appearance of tail OD Masticophis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 98 Masticophis bilineatus Jan, 1863 Sonoran Whipsnake L. bi two and L. lineatus lined — ref. 2 striped dorsal pattern OD Masticophis bilineatus Jan, 1863 - Elenco Sist. Ofidi, p. 65 Masticophis bilineatus bilineatus Jan, 1863 Sonoran Whipsnake L. bi two and L. lineatus lined — ref. 2 striped dorsal pattern OD Masticophis bilineatus Jan, 1863 - Elenco Sist. Ofidi, p. 65 Masticophis bilineatus lineolatus Hensley, 1950 [:x] L. lineus to make straight and L. latus side — ref. additional lateral stripe not found in nominate race OD Masticophis bilineatus lineolatus Hensley, 1950 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 53, p. 272 Masticophis flagellum (Shaw, 1802) Coachwhip L. flagellum whip — ref. body shape and braided look of tail OD Masticophis flagellum (Shaw, 1802) - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, p. 475 Masticophis flagellum cingulum Lowe and Woodin, 1954 Sonoran Coachwhip L. cingulum collar or girdle — "a single outstanding light band crossing the nape" (of the neck) OD Masticophis flagellum cingulum Lowe and Woodin, 1954 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 67, p. 247 Masticophis flagellum flagellum (Shaw, 1802) Eastern Coachwhip L. flagellum whip — ref. body shape and braided look of tail OD Masticophis flagellum (Shaw, 1802) - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, p. 475 Masticophis flagellum fuliginosus (Cope, 1895) Baja California Coachwhip L. fuligo soot or black and L. -osus fullness of — OD Masticophis flagellum fuliginosus (Cope, 1895) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 679 Masticophis flagellum lineatulus Smith, 1941 Lined Coachwhip L. lineatus lined and L. -ulus little — prob. ref. faint longitudinal stripes OD Masticophis flagellum lineatulus Smith, 1941 - Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 31, No. 9, p. 394 Masticophis flagellum piceus (Cope, 1892) Red Coachwhip L. piceus pitch black — ref. black morph of subspecies OD Masticophis flagellum piceus (Cope, 1892) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 14, p. 625 Masticophis flagellum ruddocki Brattstrom and Warren, 1953 San Joaquin Coachwhip NL honors John C. Ruddock OD Masticophis flagellum ruddocki Brattstrom and Warren, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, p. 177 Masticophis flagellum testaceus (Say, 1823) Western Coachwhip L. testa tile or brick and L. -aceus having the nature or color of — "Body above, pale sanguineousor testaceous..." OD Masticophis flagellum testaceus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 2, p. 48 Masticophis lateralis (Hallowell, 1853) Striped Racer L. lateralis of the side — ref. lateral stripes OD Masticophis lateralis (Hallowell, 1853) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 237 Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus (Riemer, 1954) Alameda Striped Racer Gr. eurys broad or wide and Gr. xanthos yellow — ref. red and orange striping OD Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus (Riemer, 1954) - Copeia, p. 45 Masticophis lateralis lateralis (Hallowell, 1853) California Striped Racer L. lateralis of the side — ref. lateral stripes OD Masticophis lateralis (Hallowell, 1853) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 237 Masticophis schotti Baird and Girard, 1853 Schott's Whipsnake NL honors Arthur C.V. Schott OD Masticophis schotti Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 160 Masticophis schotti ruthveni Ortenburger, 1923 Ruthven's Whipsnake NL honors Alexander G. Ruthven OD Masticophis schotti ruthveni Ortenburger, 1923 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 139, p. 3, pl. 1-3 Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) Striped Whipsnake L. taeniatus striped — ref. ribbon-like striped pattern OD Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 181 Masticophis taeniatus girardi (Stejneger and Barbour, 1917) Central Texas Whipsnake NL honors Charles F. Girard OD Masticophis taeniatus girardi (Stejneger and Barbour, 1917) - Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., Ed. 1, p. 80 Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) Desert Striped Whipsnake L. taeniatus striped — ref. ribbon-like striped pattern OD Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 181 Micruroides Schmidt, 1928 WESTERN CORAL SNAKE Gr. mikros small and Gr. oura tail and Gr. -oides similarity to== ref. similarity to Micrurus OD Micruroides Schmidt, 1928 - Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 63 Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) Western Coral Snake Gr. eurys wide or broad and Gr. xanthos yellow — ref. wide white dorsal bands; presume author thought white was yellow in life. OD Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 337 Micruroides euryxanthus euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) Arizona Coral Snake Gr. eurys wide or broad and Gr. xanthos yellow — ref. wide white dorsal bands; presume author thought white was yellow in life. OD Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 337 Micrurus Wagler, 1824 EASTERN CORAL SNAKE Gr. mikros small and Gr. oura tail — ref. size of tail OD Micrurus Wagler, 1824 - in Spix, Serp. Brazil, p. 48 Micrurus fulvius (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Coral Snake L. fulvus orange-yellow, tawny — ref. color of 1/2 faded preserved specimen in which coral red turned yellowish OD Micrurus fulvius (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 381 Micrurus tener (Baird and Girard, 1853) Texas Coral Snake L. tenerum tender, delicate or soft — "it is a more slender snake" with ref. to fulvius OD Micrurus tener (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, pp. 22 and 156 Nerodia Baird and Girard, 1853 WATER SNAKES Gr. honors Nereis, a Greek sea nymph OD Nerodia Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 47 Nerodia clarkii (Baird and Girard, 1853) Gulf Salt Marsh Snake NL honors John H. Clark OD Nerodia clarkii (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 48 Nerodia clarkii compressicauda Kennicott, 1860 Mangrove Salt Marsh Snake L. compressus pressed together and L. cauda tail — ref. relatively compressed tail OD Nerodia clarki compressicauda Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 335 Nerodia clarkii taeniata (Cope, 1895) Atlantic Salt Marsh Snake L. taenia a band or stripe and L. -iata having or bearing — OD Nerodia clarki taeniata (Cope, 1895) - Amer. Nat., 29, p. 676 Nerodia cyclopion (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) Mississippi Green Water Snake Gr. kyklopion Cyclops a small one-eyed giant OD Nerodia cyclopion (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 7, Pt. 1, p. 576 Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) Plainbelly Water Snake Gr. erythros red and Gr. gaster belly — ref. red belly of nominate subspecies OD Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) - in Bossu, "Travels through that part of N. America formerly called Louisiana," Vol. 1, p. 364, n Nerodia erythrogaster erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) Redbelly Water Snake Gr. erythros red and Gr. gaster belly — ref. red belly of nominate subspecies OD Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) - in Bossu, "Travels through that part of N. America formerly called Louisiana," Vol. 1, p. 364, n Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Conant, 1949) Yellowbelly Water Snake L. flavus yellow and Gr. gaster belly — ref. yellow color of belly OD Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Conant, 1949) - Copeia, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 3 Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta (Conant, 1949) Copperbelly Water Snake L. neglecta not chosen or neglected — ref. long time this taxon was overlooked OD Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta (Conant, 1949) - Copeia, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 1 Nerodia erythrogaster transversa (Hallowell, 1852) Blotched Water Snake L. transversa sideways — ref. transverse row of oblong bars on sides OD Nerodia erythrogaster transversa (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177 Nerodia fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) Banded Water Snake L. fasciata banded — ref. banded pattern on dorsum OD Nerodia fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 378 Nerodia fasciata confluens (Blanchard, 1923) Broad-Banded Water Snake L. con together and L. fluens flowing — ref. pattern or geographical location of two streams flowing together OD Nerodia fasciata confluens (Blanchard, 1923) - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 140, p. 1 Nerodia fasciata fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) Banded Water Snake L. fasciata banded — ref. banded pattern on dorsum OD Nerodia fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 378 Nerodia fasciata pictiventris (Cope, 1895) Florida Water Snake L. pictus painted, embroidered and L. ventris of the belly — ref. pattern and coloration of belly OD Nerodia fasciata pictiventris (Cope, 1895) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 677 Nerodia floridana (Goff, 1936) Florida Green Water Snake NL belonging to the state of Florida — ref. range OD Nerodia floridana (Goff, 1936) - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 327, p. 1 Nerodia harteri (Trapido, 1941) Brazos Water Snake NL honors Philip Harter OD Nerodia harteri (Trapido, 1941) - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 25, p. 673 Nerodia paucimaculata (Tinkle and Conant, 1961) Concho Water Snake L. paucis few and L. maculata spotted — ref. reduced spotting on venter OD Nerodia paucimaculata (Tinkle and Conant, 1961) - Southwest. Natur., Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 34 Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852) Diamondback Water Snake Gr. rhombos rectagular shape and L. -ifera bearing — ref. diamond shaped dorsal pattern OD Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177 Nerodia sipedon (Linnaeus, 1758) Northern Water Snake Gr. sepedon rottenness, decay; a serpent whose bite causes mortification OD Nerodia sipedon (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 219 Nerodia sipedon insularum (Conant and Clay, 1937) Lake Erie Water Snake L. insularum of the islands — ref. range, restricted to Lake Erie Islands OD Nerodia sipedon insularum (Conant and Clay, 1937) - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 346, p. 1 Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Cope, 1892) Midland Water Snake Gr. pleura a rib or the side and L. -alis of the — ref. prominent bands on side of body OD Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Cope, 1892) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 14, p. 672 Nerodia sipedon williamengelsi (Conant and Lazell, 1973) Carolina Water Snake NL honors William L. Engels OD Nerodia sipedon williamengelsi (Conant and Lazell, 1973) - Brevoria, Mus. Comp. Zool. [Harvard], No. 400, p. 3 Nerodia taxispilota (Holbrook, 1838) Brown Water Snake Gr. taxis regular arrangement and Gr. spilos spot, stain — ref. dorsal pattern OD Nerodia taxispilota (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 2, p. 113, pl. 25 Opheodrys Fitzinger, 1843 ROUGH GREEN SNAKE Gr. opheos a snake and Gr. drymos oak wood, forest — ref. arboreal habits OD Opheodrys Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 26 Opheodrys aestivus (Linnaeus, 1766) Rough Green Snake L. aestivus pertaining to summer — ref. presumed seasonal activity period OD Opheodrys aestivus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 387 Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi Grobman, 1941 [:x] NL honors Frank N. Blanchard OD Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi Grobman, 1941 - Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 50, p. 11, figs. 1, 2, map 1 Oxybelis Wagler, 1830 NEOTROPICAL VINE SNAKES Gr. oxys sharp, keen or quick and Gr. belos arrow or dart — prob. ref. head shape OD Oxybelis Wagler, 1830 - Nat. Syst. Amph., p. 183 Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) Mexican Vine Snake L. aeneus of bronze or copper — ref. bronze-like dorsal pigmentation OD Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) - in Spix, Serp. Bras., p. 12, pl. 3 Pelamis Daudin, 1803 PELAGIC SEA SNAKE Gr. pelamis tunny fish — pres. ref habitat or what Daudin thought they ate OD Pelamis Daudin, 1803 - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 7, p. 357 Pelamis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) Yellowbelly Sea Snake Gr. platys flat and Gr. oura tail — prob. ref. flattened tail, very different than terrestrial snakes OD Pelamis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 391 Phyllorhynchus Stejneger, 1890 LEAFNOSE SNAKES Gr. phyllon leaf and Gr. rhunkos beak or snout — ref. nose shield which "resembles a thick leaf" OD Phyllorhynchus Stejneger, 1890 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 13, p. 151 Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger, 1890 Saddled Leafnose Snake NL honors Herbert Brown OD Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger, 1890 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 13, p. 152 Phyllorhynchus browni lucidus Klauber, 1940 [:x] L. lucidus clear, shining, bright — OD Phyllorhynchus browni lucidus Klauber, 1940 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 9, No. 20, p. 202, pl. 8, fig. 2 Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (Cope, 1868) Spotted Leafnose Snake L. decurtatus having been cut short — OD Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (Cope, 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 20, p. 310 Phyllorhynchus decurtatus nubilis Klauber, 1940 [:x] L. nubilis cloudy — OD Phyllorhynchus decurtatus nubilis Klauber, 1940 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 9, No. 20, p. 197, pl. 8, fig. 1 Phyllorhynchus decurtatus perkinsi Klauber, 1935 [:x] L. honors C.B. Perkins OD Phyllorhynchus decurtatus perkinsi Klauber, 1935 - Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego, No. 12, p. 11 Pituophis Holbrook, 1842 BULL, GOPHER and PINE SNAKES Gr. pitys pine and Gr. ophis snake — poss. ref. to habitat of nominate subspecies on U.S. east coast OD Pituophis Holbrook, 1842 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 4, p. 7 Pituophis catenifer (Blainville, 1835) Gopher Snake L. catena chain and L. -ifera bearing — ref. dorsal pattern OD Pituophis catenifer (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 290, pl. 26, figs. 2-2b Pituophis catenifer affinis (Hallowell, 1852) Sonoran Gopher Snake L. affinis related or adjacent — poss. ref. distribution relative to another species OD Pituophis catenifer affinis Hallowell, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 181 Pituophis catenifer annectens Baird and Girard, 1853 San Diego Gopher Snake L. annectens joining or connecting — poss. ref. distribution relative to another species OD Pituophis catenifer annectens Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 72 Pituophis catenifer catenifer (Blainville, 1835) Pacific Gopher Snake L. catena chain and L. -ifera bearing — ref. dorsal pattern OD Pituophis catenifer (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 290, pl. 26, figs. 2-2b Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger, 1893 Great Basin Gopher Snake L. desert dry place and L.-icola inhabitant of — ref. presumed habitat OD Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 206 Pituophis catenifer pumilis Klauber, 1942 Santa Cruz Gopher Snake L. pumilus diminuitive or dwarfish — OD Pituophis catenifer pumilis Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, p. 41, pl. 3 Pituophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel, 1837) Bullsnake NL honors Thomas Say OD Pituophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel, 1837) - Essai Physion. Serp., Pt. 2 [Partie descriptive], p. 157 Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) Eastern Pine Snake Gr. melaina black and Gr. leukos white — ref. color pattern of nominate subspecies OD Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 6, p. 409 Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi Blanchard, 1924 Black Pine Snake NL honors Henry Peder Loding OD Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi Blanchard, 1924 - Papers Michigan Acad. Sci. Arts Letters, Vol. 4, p. 531 Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) Northern Pine Snake Gr. melaina black and Gr. leukos white — ref. to color pattern of nominate subspecies OD Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 6, p. 409 Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus Barbour, 1921 Florida Pine Snake L. mugitus bellowing or roaring — poss. ref. loud hissing noise made by all members of genus OD Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus Barbour, 1921 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 7, p. 117 Pituophis ruthveni Stull, 1929 Louisiana Pine Snake NL honors Alexander G. Ruthven OD Pituophis ruthveni Stull, 1929 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 205, p. 1 Regina Baird and Girard, 1853 CRAYFISH SNAKES L. regina queen — OD Regina Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 45 Regina alleni (Garman, 1874) Striped Crayfish Snake NL honors Joel A. Allen OD Regina alleni (Garman, 1874) - Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 17, p. 92 Regina grahamii Baird and Girard, 1853 Graham's Crayfish Snake NL honors James D. Graham OD Regina grahamii Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 47 Regina rigida (Say, 1825) Glossy Crayfish Snake L. rigidus stiff — OD Regina rigida (Say, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 239 Regina rigida deltae (Huheey, 1959) Delta Crayfish Snake L. deltae of the delta — ref. MS river delta habitat OD Regina rigida deltae (Huheey, 1959) - Copeia, p. 305 Regina rigida sinicola (Huheey, 1959) Gulf Crayfish Snake L. sinus bay of sea and L. -icola inhabitant of — ref. habitat in Gulf of Mexico OD Regina rigida sinicola (Huheey, 1959) - Copeia, p. 305 Regina septemvittata (Say, 1825) Queen Snake L. septem seven and L. vittata banded, striped w/ribbon — misnomer, not banded; 4 brown stripes present ventrolaterally OD Regina septemvittata (Say, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 240 Rhadinaea Cope, 1863 PINE WOOD SNAKES Gr. rhadinos slender, slim or delicate — an appropriate description of this genus OD Rhadinaea Cope, 1863 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 101 Rhadinaea flavilata (Cope, 1871) Pine Woods Snake L. flavus yellow-gold colored and L. lata wide or broad — OD Rhadinaea flavilata (Cope, 1871) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 23, p. 222 Rhinocheilus Baird and Girard, 1853 LONGNOSE SNAKE Gr. rhinos nose or snout and Gr. cheilo lip — "Rostral prominent forwards, rounded beneath, tapering upwards" OD Rhinocheilus Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 120 Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard, 1853 Longnose Snake (nominate subspecies "Western Longnose Snake") NL honors John L. Le Conte OD Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 120 Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus Garman, 1883 Texas Longnose Snake L. tessela tile, mosaic stone and L. latus side — ref. checkered appearance of the dorsal pattern OD Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus Garman, 1883 - Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 74 Salvadora Baird and Girard, 1853 PATCHNOSE SNAKES L. salvus whole, sound, well preserved and L. dura hide or skin — "body covered w/smooth scales" OD Salvadora Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 104 Salvadora deserticola Schmidt, 1940 Big Bend Patchnose Snake L. desert dry place and L. -icola inhabitant of — "associated with the west Texan creosote bush desert" OD Salvadora deserticola Schmidt, 1940 - Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Series, Vol. 24, No. 12, p. 146, fig. 14 Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard, 1853 Mountain Patchnose Snake NL honors James D. Graham OD Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 104 Salvadora grahamiae lineata Schmidt, 1940 Texas Patchnose Snake L. lineata lined or striped — ref. wel defined lateral line OD Salvadora grahamiae lineata Schmidt, 1940 - Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Series, Vol. 24, No. 12, p. 148, fig. 15 Salvadora hexalepis (Cope, 1866) Western Patchnose Snake Gr. hex six and Gr. lepisma scale — ref. 6th supralabial reaching the eye in the holotype OD Salvadora hexalepis (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 304 Salvadora hexalepis hexalepis (Cope, 1866) Desert Patchnose Snake Gr. hex six and Gr. lepisma scale — ref. 6th supralabial reaching the eye in the holotype OD Salvadora hexalepis (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 304 Salvadora hexalepis mohavensis Bogert, 1945 Mojave Patchnose Snake NL belonging to the Mohave Desert — ref. habitat OD Salvadora hexalepis mohavensis Bogert, 1945 - Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 1285, p. 6, fig. 9, 10 Salvadora hexalepis virgultea Bogert, 1935 Coast Patchnose Snake L. virgultea underbrush, chapparel — ref. southern CA brush or chapparal habitat OD Salvadora hexalepis virgultea Bogert, 1935 - Bull. S. California Acad. Sci., Vol. 34, Pt. 1, p. 89 Seminatrix Cope, 1895 SWAMP SNAKES L. semi half and L. natrix water snake — modern usage would render "sort-of a water snake" OD Seminatrix Cope, 1895 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 678 Seminatrix pygaea (Cope, 1871) Black Swamp Snake L. pygaea of the rear, rump — ref. hump-like deformity of type OD Seminatrix pygaea (Cope, 1871) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 23, p. 223 Seminatrix pygaea cyclas Dowling, 1950 South Florida Swamp Snake Gr. kyklas of a circle — OD Seminatrix pygaea cyclas Dowling, 1950 - Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 76, p. 14, map 1 Seminatrix pygaea paludis Dowling, 1950 Carolina Swamp Snake L. paludis of the marsh — ref. habitat OD Seminatrix pygaea paludis Dowling, 1950 - Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 76, p. 12, map 1 Seminatrix pygaea pygaea (Cope, 1871) North Florida Swamp Snake L. pygaea of the rear, rump — ref. hump-like deformity of type OD Seminatrix pygaea (Cope, 1871) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 23, p. 223 Senticolis Dowling and Fries, 1987 Mountain Rat Snake L. sentis thorn or bramble and L. colus penis — ref. to the large spines on its hemipenis OD Senticolis Dowling and Fries, 1987 - Herpetologica, Vol. 43, p. 202 Senticolis triaspis (Cope, 1866) Green Rat Snake Gr. tri three and Gr. aspis shield, viper, asp — OD Senticolis triaspis (Cope, 1866) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 128 Senticolis triaspis intermedia (Boettger, 1883) Green Rat Snake L. inter between and L. media half, middle — OD Senticolis triaspis intermedia (Boettger, 1883) - Ber. Offenbach. Ver. Naturk., Vol. 22-23, p. 148 Sistrurus Garman, 1883 PIGMY RATTLESNAKES L. sistrum rattle and Gr. oura tail — ref. rattle on tail; typical of all members of genus OD Sistrurus Garman, 1883 - Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 110 Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) Massasauga L. catenatus chained or chain-like — ref. central row of blotches OD Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) - Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, Nov. p. 41 Sistrurus catenatus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) Eastern Massasauga L. catenatus chained or chain-like — ref. central row of blotches OD Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) - Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, Nov. p. 41 Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii (Baird and Girard, 1853) Desert Massasauga NL honors L.A. Edwards OD Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 15 Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus (Say, 1823) Western Massasauga L. tergeminus triple or threefold — ref. 3 rows of spots OD Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 499 Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) Pigmy Rattlesnake L. miliarius millet or millet-like — poss. ref. blotched pattern or color OD Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 372 Sistrurus miliarius barbouri Gloyd, 1935 Dusky Pigmy Rattlesnake NL honors Thomas Barbour OD Sistrurus miliarius barbouri Gloyd, 1935 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 322, p. 2 Sistrurus miliarius miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) Carolina Pigmy Rattlesnake L. miliarius millet or millet-like — poss ref. blotched pattern or color OD Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 372 Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Gloyd, 1935 Western Pigmy Rattlesnake NL honors John K. Strecker, Jr. OD Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Gloyd, 1935 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 322, p. 4 Sonora Baird and Girard, 1853 GROUND SNAKES NL sonora region of Sonora — type collected in Sonora, Mexico OD Sonora Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 117 Sonora semiannulata Baird and Girard, 1853 Ground Snake L. semi half and L. annulata ringed — ref. body cross bands which fail to cross the venter OD Sonora semiannulata Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 117 Stilosoma Brown, 1890 SHORT-TAILED SNAKE Gr. stylos pillar, column and Gr. soma body of the body — ref. elongated cylindrical structure OD Stilosoma Brown, 1890 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 42, p. 199 Stilosoma extenuatum Brown, 1890 Short-tailed Snake L. extenuatum thin, slender — ref. slender, cylindrical body OD Stilosoma extenuatum Brown, 1890 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 42, p. 199 Storeria Baird and Girard, 1853 BROWN SNAKES NL honors David H. Storer OD Storeria Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 135 Storeria dekayi (Holbrook, "1836" ? 1839) Northern Brown Snake NL honors James E. DeKay OD Storeria dekayi (Holbrook, "1836" ? 1839) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, "1836", prob. 1839, p. 121, pl. 24 Storeria dekayi limnetes Anderson, 1961 Marsh Brown Snake Gr. limnetes living in marshes — prob. ref. habitat OD Storeria dekayi limnetes Anderson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 66, p. 246 Storeria dekayi texana Trapido, 1944 Texas Brown Snake NL belonging to the state of Texas — ref. portion of known range OD Storeria dekayi texana Trapido, 1944 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 31, p. 63, figs. 45-50, map 3 Storeria dekayi victa Hay, 1892 Florida Brown Snake L. victa victim — ref. fact holotype recovered from stomach of a coral snake OD Storeria dekayi victa Hay, 1892 - Science, Ser. 1, Vol. 19, p. 199 Storeria dekayi wrightorum Trapido, 1944 Midland Brown Snake NL honors Albert H. and Anna A. Wright OD Storeria dekayi wrightorum Trapido, 1944 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 31, p. 57, figs. 38-44, map 3 Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) Redbelly Snake L. occiput back of head and L. maculata spotted — Baird and Girard, 1852: "3 distinct light colored spots behind the head" OD Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) - Rep. Fish. Rept. Birds Massachusetts, p. 230 Storeria occipitomaculata obscura Trapido, 1944 Florida Redbelly Snake L. obscura dusky — OD Storeria occipitomaculata obscura Trapido, 1944 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 31, p. 33, figs. 14-20, map 2 Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) Northern Redbelly Snake L. occiput back of head and L. maculata spotted — Baird and Girard, 1852: "3 distinct light colored spots behind the head" OD Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) - Rep. Fish. Rept. Birds Massachusetts, p. 230 Storeria occipitomaculata pahasapae Smith, 1963 Black Hills Redbelly Snake NL honors Pahasapae Native American group — ref. residents of Black Hills, SD OD Storeria occipitomaculata pahasapae Smith, 1963 - Herpetologica, Vol. 19, p. 17 [tc] Tantilla Baird and Girard, 1853 BLACKHEAD, FLATHEAD and CROWNED SNAKES L. tantillum so small a thing — ref. small size OD Tantilla Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 131 Tantilla atriceps (Gunther, 1895) Mexican Blackhead Snake L. atritas black and NL ceps head — ref. distinctive black head cap OD Tantilla atriceps (Gunther, 1895) - Biol. Centr. Amer. Rept. and Batr., p. 146, pl. 52, fig. B Tantilla coronata Baird and Girard, 1853 Southeastern Crowned Snake L. coronata crowned — "Head w/a blackish brown half ring" OD Tantilla coronata Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 131 Tantilla cucullata Minton, 1956 Big Bend Blackhead Snake L. cucullata hooded — "referring to the form of the black head pigmentation" similar to hood worn by old time judges. Honors Dr. S.A. Minton's father, who was a Supreme Court justice. OD Tantilla cucullata Minton, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chgo. Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 39, p. 449 Tantilla gracilis Baird and Girard, 1853 Flathead Snake L. gracilis graceful, slender — no specific reason given OD Tantilla gracilis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 132 Tantilla hobartsmithi Taylor, "1936" [1937] Southwestern Blackhead Snake NL honors Hobart M. Smith OD Tantilla hobartsmithi Taylor, "1936" 1937 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 39, p. 340 Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott, 1860 Plain Blackhead Snake L. niger black and NL ceps head — ref. distinctive black head cap OD Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 328 Tantilla oolitica Telford, 1966 Rim Rock Crowned Snake Gr. oon egg and Gr. lithos rock — ref. habitat: found in pineland and tropical hammock on oolitic limestone OD Tantilla oolitica Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 281 Tantilla planiceps (Blainville, 1835) Western Blackhead Snake L. planus flat and NL ceps head — ref. flattened head OD Tantilla planiceps (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 294, pl. 27, figs. 3-3b Tantilla relicta Telford, 1966 Florida Crowned Snake L. relicta remainder, abandoned — ref. prob. origin as relict species OD Tantilla relicta Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 270 Tantilla relicta neilli Telford, 1966 Central Florida Crowned Snake NL honors Wilfred T. Neill, Jr. OD Tantilla relicta neilli Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 279 Tantilla relicta pamlica Telford, 1966 Coastal Dunes Crowned Snake NL Pamlico Terrace — ref. geological designation of its habitat OD Tantilla relicta pamlica Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 280 Tantilla relicta relicta Telford, 1966 Peninsula Crowned Snake L. relicta remainder, abandoned — ref. prob. origin as relict species OD Tantilla relicta Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 270 Tantilla rubra Cope, 1875 [:x] L. rubra red — JTC - misnomer OD Tantilla rubra Cope, 1875 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 8, p. 144 Tantilla rubra diabola Fouquette and Potter, 1961 [:x] Gr. diabolos a devil — ref. type locality, Devil's River, TX OD Tantilla rubra diabola Fouquette and Potter, 1961 - Copeia, p. 144 Tantilla wilcoxi Stejneger, 1902 Chihuahuan Blackhead Snake NL honors Timothy E. Wilcox OD Tantilla wilcoxi Stejneger, 1902 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 25, p. 156 Tantilla yaquia Smith, 1942 Yaqui Blackhead Snake NL Yaqui Native American group — ref. residents of its Sonoran Desert habitat OD Tantilla yaquia Smith, 1942 - Zoologica, Vol. 27, p. 41 Thamnophis Fitzinger, 1843 GARTER SNAKES Gr. thamnos shrub or bush and Gr. ophis snake, serpent — OD Thamnophis Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 26 Thamnophis atratus (Kennicott, 1860) Santa Cruz Garter Snake L. atratus clothed in black, mourning — ref. dorsal color OD Thamnophis atratus (Kennicott, 1860) - in Cooper, Expl. Surv. R.R. Miss. Pacific, Vol. 12, Book 2, Pt. 3, No. 4, p. 296 Thamnophis atratus hydrophilus (Fitch, 1936) Oregon Garter Snake Gr. hydor water and Gr. philus loving — ref. aquatic proclivities OD Thamnophis atratus hydrophilus Fitch, 1936 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 17, p. 648 Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope, 1892) Shorthead Garter Snake Gr. brachys short and Gr. stoma mouth — OD Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope, 1892) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 26, p. 964 Thamnophis butleri (Cope, 1889) Butler's Garter Snake NL honors Amos W. Butler OD Thamnophis butleri (Cope, 1889) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 11, p. 399 Thamnophis couchii (Kennicott, 1859) Western Aquatic Garter Snake NL honors Darius N. Couch OD Thamnophis couchii (Kennicott, 1859) - U.S. Pacif. R.R. Surv., Vol. 10, Pt. 4, p. 10 Thamnophis couchii aquaticus Fox, 1951 [:x] L. aquaticus aquatic — ref. aquatic habitat OD Thamnophis couchii aquaticus Fox, 1951 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 50, p. 493, fig. 2 Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) Blackneck Garter Snake Gr. cyrto curved and Gr. -opsis having the appearance of — ref. posterior curvature of black nuchal splotches OD Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 333 Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) Western Blackneck Garter Snake Gr. cyrto curved and Gr. -opsis having the appearance of — ref. posterior curvature of black nuchal splotches OD Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 333 Thamnophis cyrtopsis ocellatus (Cope, 1880) Eastern Blackneck Garter Snake L. ocellatus spotted as with little eyes — ref. pattern on side of the neck OD Thamnophis cyrtopsis ocellatus (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 22 Thamnophis elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853) Western Terrestrial Garter Snake L. elegans fine or elegant — "delicately carinated" OD Thamnophis elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 34 Thamnophis elegans arizonaeTanner and Lowe, 1989 Arizona Garter Snake NL of Arizona — poss. ref. range OD Thamnophis elegans arizonae Tanner and Lowe, 1989 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 49, No. 4, p. 512 Thamnophis elegans biscutatus (Cope, 1883) [:x] L. bis two and L. scutatus scales or plates — ref. horizontally divided preocular OD Thamnophis elegans biscutatus (Cope, 1883) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 35, p. 21 Thamnophis elegans elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853) Mountain Garter Snake L. elegans fine or elegant — "delicately carinated" OD Thamnophis elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 34 Thamnophis elegans terrestris Fox, 1951 Coast Garter Snake L. terrestris of the earth — prob. ref. habitat OD Thamnophis elegans terrestris Fox, 1951 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 50, p. 499, fig. 3 Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Baird and Girard, 1853) Wandering Garter Snake L. vagrans wandering — Yarrow, 1875: "rightly called from its wide range" OD Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 35 Thamnophis elegans vascotanneri Tanner and Lowe, 1989 Upper Basin Garter Snake NL honors Vasco Myron Tanner OD Thamnophis elegans vascotanneri Tanner and Lowe, 1989 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 49, No. 4, p. 514 Thamnophis eques (Reuss, 1834) Mexican Garter Snake L. eques horseman, knight — OD Thamnophis eques (Reuss, 1834) - Mus. Senckenberg. Abh., Vol. 1, p. 152, pl. 8, fig. 2 Thamnophis eques megalops (Kennicott, 1860) Northern Mexican Garter Snake Gr. megas great and Gr. ops eye — prob. ref. appearance OD Thamnophis eques megalops (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 330 Thamnophis gigas Fitch, 1940 Giant Garter Snake L. gigas giant, immense — ref. relatively large size OD Thamnophis gigas Fitch, 1940 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 44, p. 69 Thamnophis hammondii (Kennicott, 1860) Two-striped Garter Snake NL honors William A. Hammond OD Thamnophis hammondii (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 332 Thamnophis marcianus (Baird and Girard, 1853) Checkered Garter Snake (nominate subspecies "Marcy's Checkered Garter Snake") NL honors Randolph B. Marcy OD Thamnophis marcianus (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 36 Thamnophis ordinoides (Baird and Girard, 1852) Northwestern Garter Snake NL ordinoides similar to T. ordinatus — Baird and Girard compared this to a species now called T. sirtalis OD Thamnophis ordinoides (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 176 Thamnophis proximus (Say, 1823) Western Ribbon Snake L. proximus next, nearest — OD Thamnophis proximus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 187 Thamnophis proximus diabolicus Rossman, 1963 Arid Land Ribbon Snake Gr. diabolikos devilish — "horns...suggested by forward protuding forked arms of the parietal spots in many individuals" OD Thamnophis proximus diabolicus Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 135 Thamnophis proximus orarius Rossman, 1963 Gulf Coast Ribbon Snake L. orarius of the coast — "this race lives along the coast" OD Thamnophis proximus orarius Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 132 Thamnophis proximus proximus (Say, 1823) Western Ribbon Snake L. proximus next, nearest — OD Thamnophis proximus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 187 Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus Rossman, 1963 Redstripe Ribbon Snake L. rubra red and L. lineatus lined — "refers to the bright red vertebral stripe which characterizes this subspecies" OD Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 134 Thamnophis radix (Baird and Girard, 1853) Plains Garter Snake L. radix root — poss. ref. Root River near Racine WI OD Thamnophis radix (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 34 Thamnophis radix haydenii (Kennicott, 1860) [:x] NL honors Ferdinand V. Hayden OD Thamnophis radix haydenii (Kennicott, 1860) - in Cooper, Expl. Surv. R. R. Miss. Pacific, Vol. 12, Book 2, Pt. 3, No. 4, p. 298, pl. 14 Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Cope, 1875) Narrowhead Garter Snake L. rufus reddish and L. punctatus spotted — ref. six rows of small alternating bright rufous or orange spots OD Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Cope, 1875) - in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 544 Thamnophis sauritus (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Ribbon Snake NL sauritus lizard-like — OD Thamnophis sauritus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 385 Thamnophis sauritus nitae Rossman, 1963 Bluestripe Ribbon Snake NL honors Nita J. Rossman OD Thamnophis sauritus nitae Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 163 Thamnophis sauritus sackenii (Kennicott, 1859) Peninsula Ribbon Snake NL honors Baron C.R. Osten Sacken OD Thamnophis sauritus sackenii (Kennicott, 1859) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 98 Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Ribbon Snake NL sauritus lizard-like — OD Thamnophis sauritus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 385 Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis Rossman, 1963 Northern Ribbon Snake L. septentrion north and L. -alis of the — "ref. to the northern distribution of this race in relation to the range of the species." OD Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 159 Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Garter Snake NL sirtalis like a garter — prob. ref. to striped pattern OD Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 222 Thamnophis sirtalis annectans Brown, 1950 Texas Garter Snake L. annectans connecting — ref. joining the neighboring sub-species OD Thamnophis sirtalis annectens Brown, 1950 - Annotated Check-list rept. and amph. of Texas, Baylor Univ. Stud., p. 203 Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus (Hallowell, 1852) Red-spotted Garter Snake L. concinnus well made or neat — ref. colorful pattern OD Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 182 Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1853) New Mexico Garter Snake L. dorsalis of the back — ref. conspicuous dorsal stripe OD Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 31 Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi Fox, 1951 Valley Garter Snake NL honors Henry Sheldon Fitch OD Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi Fox, 1951 - Copeia, p. 264 Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (Blainville, 1835) California Red-Sided Garter Snake L. infernalis of hell — OD Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 291, pl. 26, fig. 3 Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus Allen, 1899 Maritime Garter Snake L. pallidula somewhat pale — OD Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus Allen, 1899 - Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 29, p. 63 Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say, 1823) Red-sided Garter Snake L. parietalis of a wall — ref. parietal scales OD Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 186 Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii (Baird and Girard, 1853) Puget Sound Garter Snake NL honors Charles Pickering OD Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 27 Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus (Cope, 1892) Chicago Garter Snake L. semi half and L. fasciatus banded — ref. dark transverse marks on forebody OD Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus (Cope, 1892) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 14, p. 662 Thamnophis sirtalis similis Rossman, 1965 Bluestripe Garter Snake L. similis like or similar — ref. likeness to sympatric T. sauritus OD Thamnophis sirtalis similis Rossman, 1965 - Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., Vol. 27, p. 67 Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Eastern Garter Snake NL sirtalis like a garter — prob. ref. to striped pattern OD Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 222 Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia (Cope, 1875) Gr. tetra four and L. taenia stripes or bands — ref. dorsal color areas OD Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia (Cope, 1875) - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 546 Thamnophis zaxanthus Boundy, 1999 Diablo Garter Snake Gr. za good or intensive and Gr. xanthus yellow — ref. "abundance of yellow on the dorsal pattern in contrast to other populations of T. atratus." Boundy, 2002 pers. comm. OD Thamnophis zaxanthus Boundy, 1999 - Proc. California Acad. Sci. 51:328 [tc] Trimorphodon Cope, 1861 LYRE SNAKES Gr. tri three and Gr. morph shape and Gr. odon teeth — ref. 3 tooth shapes in the upper jaw, recurved anterior teeth; the shorter middle teeth and elongate, grooved fangs at the rear. OD Trimorphodon Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 297 Trimorphodon biscutatus (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) Lyre Snake L. bis two and L. scutatus plated — ref. doubled loreal plate OD Trimorphodon biscutatus (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 1153 Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda Cope, 1886 Sonoran Lyre Snake Gr. lambda letter of Greek alphabet — ref. chevron shaped mark on head OD Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 286 Trimorphodon biscutatus lyrophanes Cope, 1860 Baja California Lyre Snake Gr. lyro lyre and Gr. phaneros visible — poss. ref. pattern OD Trimorphodon biscutatus lyrophanes Cope, 1860 - Probably Proc. Natl. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. c250-350 [nc][tc] Trimorphodon biscutatus vandenburghi Klauber, 1924 [:x] NL honors John Van Denburgh OD Trimorphodon biscutatus vandenburghi Klauber, 1924 - Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego, No. 1, p. 17 Trimorphodon biscutatus vilkinsonii Cope, 1886 Texas Lyre Snake NL honors Edward Wilkinson OD Trimorphodon biscutatus vilkinsonii Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 285 Tropidoclonion Cope, 1860 LINED SNAKE Gr. tropis keel of a ship and Gr. klonion branch or twig — OD Tropidoclonion Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 76 Tropidoclonion lineatum (Hallowell, 1856) Lined Snake L. lineatum marked with lines — OD Tropidoclonion lineatum (Hallowell, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 241 Tropidoclonion lineatum annectens Ramsey, 1953 [:x] L. annectens joining — OD Tropidoclonion lineatum annectens Ramsey, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, p. 12 Tropidoclonion lineatum mertensi Smith, 1965 [:x] NL honors Robert W. Mertens OD Tropidoclonion lineatum mertensi Smith, 1965 - J. Ohio Herp. Soc., Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 3 Tropidoclonion lineatum texanum Ramsey, 1953 [:x] NL belonging to the state of Texas — ref. range OD Tropidoclonion lineatum texanum Ramsey, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, p. 14 Virginia Baird and Girard, 1853 EARTH SNAKES NL state of Virginia — no specific reason given. Type specimens are from MD, W.DC and SC OD Virginia Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 127 Virginia pulchra (Richmond, 1954) Mountain Earth Snake L. pulchra fair, beautiful — poss. ref. pinkish color OD Virginia pulchra (Richmond, 1954) - Ann. Carnegie Mus., No. 15, p. 251 Virginia striatula (Linnaeus, 1766) Rough Earth Snake L. striatus striped and L. -ula little — OD Virginia striatula (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 375 Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard, 1853 Smooth Earth Snake (nominate subspecies "Eastern Earth Snake") NL honors Valery Blaney OD Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 127 Virginia valeriae elegans Kennicott, 1859 Western Earth Snake L. elegans fine or elegant — OD Virginia valeriae elegans Kennicott, 1859 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 99 NotesScientific names and their etymology is a never ending task in response to continued flux in the taxonomy. In the interest of posting this page as close to my working notes as possible, certain abbreviations have been left in the text to mark areas which need work. Please feel free to contribute by email in reference to any of these notations, realizing that I may have already received a comment similar to yours and have not yet had the chance to update this page.This Page
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| My new book! | Translations, Common Names and Original Descriptions Salamanders . Frogs and Toads . Turtles . Alligators and Crocodiles . Lizards . Snakes Biographies . Mythological References . Acknowledgements |
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Ellin Beltz ebeltz@ebeltz.net
September 10, 2007
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