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Scientific and Common Names
of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained

Translations, Common Names, Original Descriptions,
Biographies and Mythological References of those honored in the nomenclature of the
Salamanders . Frogs and Toads . Turtles . Alligators and Crocodiles . Lizards . Snakes
of America North of Mexico.
Copyright and all rights reserved by Ellin Beltz, 2006 . Information for Users at the Bottom of the Page

Translations and Original Descriptions


 

Salamanders


Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838 MOLE SALAMANDERS
NL anabystoma to cram into the mouth — unknown reference
Agassiz proposed in 1844 that Ambystoma might be a "lapsus calami" for Amblystoma (Gr. amblys blunt/ stoma mouth). The word part "amblys" was also used very early for marine iguanas and cited by Darwin.
OD Ambystoma Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 92

Ambystoma annulatum (Cope, 1886) Ringed Salamander
L. annulatum furnished w/rings — ref. ringed pattern on dorsum
OD Ambystoma annulatum (Cope, 1886) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 525

Ambystoma barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989 Streamside Salamander
NL honors Thomas Barbour
OD Ambystoma barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989 - Copeia, p. 95

Ambystoma californiense (Gray, 1853) California Tiger Salamander
NL belonging to the state of California — ref. state of occurrence
OD Ambystoma californiense (Gray, 1853) - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. 21, p. 11, pl. 7

Ambystoma cingulatum (Cope, 1868) Flatwoods Salamander
L. cingulatum belted, girdled — ref. reticulated dorsal pattern
OD Ambystoma cingulatum (Cope, "1867" 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, p. 205

Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859) Northwestern Salamander
L. gracile slender, delicate — ref. form
OD Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859) - Pacific R. R. Report, Vol. 10, Williamson's Route, Pt. 4, No. 4, p. 13, pl. 44, fig. 2

Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Cope, 1886 [:x] *TRANS*
OD Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 522

Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827) Jefferson Salamander
NL honors Jefferson College, PA
OD Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1

Ambystoma laterale Hallowell, 1856 Blue-spotted Salamander
L. laterale pertaining to the side — ref. blue spots on side
OD Ambystoma laterale Hallowell, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 6

Ambystoma mabeei Bishop, 1928 Mabee's Salamander
NL honors William Bruce Mabee
OD Ambystoma mabeei Bishop, 1928 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 43, No. 3-4, p. 157

Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 Long-toed Salamander
Gr. makros long and Gr. daktylos toe — ref. relatively long toes
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 292

Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum Ferguson, 1961 Eastern Long-toed Salamander
NL belonging to the Columbia River — ref. found in Columbia River drainage, OR, 1956
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum Ferguson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 65, p. 313

Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Russell and Anderson, 1956 Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander
L. croceum saffron colored (adj.) — ref. dull orange dorsal stripe
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Russell and Anderson, 1956 - Herpetologica, Vol. 12, p. 137

Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei (Peters, 1882) Northern Long-toed Salamander
NL honors Karl C.F. Krause
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei (Peters, 1882) - Gesell. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, Vol. 10, 1882, p. 145

Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum Baird, 1849 Western Long-toed Salamander
Gr. makros long and Gr. daktylos toe — ref. relatively long toes
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 292

Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum Ferguson, 1961 Southern Long-toed Salamander
L. sigillatum adorned with images or figures — ref. color pattern
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum Ferguson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 65, 1961, p. 316

Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802) Spotted Salamander
L. maculatum spotted — ref. dorsal spotting
OD Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802) - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, Pt. 1, p. 304

Ambystoma mavortium Baird, 1850 Barred Tiger Salamander
L. mavortium war-like — ref. Mars, Roman god of war; possibly named from a large neotenic adult individual or a cannibalistic morph with an extra row of teeth - either would be enough to provoke a reference to ancient war gods!
OD Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, No. 1, p. 284 and p. 292

Ambystoma mavortium diaboli Dunn, 1940 Gray Tiger Salamander
L. diaboli of a devil — ref. Devil's Lake, ND
OD Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli Dunn, 1940 - Copeia, p. 160

Ambystoma mavortium mavortium Baird, 1850 Barred Tiger Salamander
L. mavortium war-like —ref. Mars, Roman god of war; possibly named from a large neotenic adult individual or a cannibalistic morph with an extra row of teeth - either would be enough to provoke a reference to ancient war gods!
OD Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, No. 1, p. 284 and p. 292

Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum (Baird, 1860) Blotched Tiger Salamander
Gr. melano black and Gr. stiktos spotted — ref. light spotting of dark dorsum
OD Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum (Baird, 1860) - in Cooper, Rep. Expl. Surv. R.R. Route Mississippi-Pacific Ocean, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., House Ex. Doc. 56, Vol. 12, p. 306

Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum Hallowell, 1852 Arizona Tiger Salamander
L. nebulosum cloudy — ref. overall color and pattern on dorsum
OD Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum Hallowell, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 209

Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi Lowe, 1954 Sonoran Tiger Salamander
NL honors Robert Cyril Stebbins
OD Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi Lowe, 1954 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 67, p. 243

Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) Marbled Salamander
L. opacum shaded, dark, obscure — ref. color pattern
OD Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) - Gravenhorst, Vergl. Uebersicht Zool. Syst., p. 431

Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) Mole Salamander
L. talpa mole and L. -oides similarity to a L. -eum having the quality of — ref. burrowing habits
OD Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 117, pl. 29

Ambystoma texanum (Matthes, 1855) Smallmouth Salamander
NL belonging to the state of TX — type locality, Cummings Creek, Fayette County, TX, 1855
OD Ambystoma texanum (Matthes, 1855) - Allg. Deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, N.S., Vol. 1, p. 266

Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825) Tiger Salamander
L. tigrinum tiger — ref. coloration in some individuals
OD Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 116, pl. 25, fig. 7

Ambystoma tremblayi Comeau, 1943 [:x]
NL honors Jean-Louis Tremblay
OD Ambystoma tremblayi Comeau, 1943 - Ann. Assoc. Canadienne-Francaise Avance. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 124
Amphiuma Garden, 1821 AMPHIUMAS
Gr. amphi on both sides and Gr. pneuma breathe — poss. misassumption that it breathed both air and water
OD Amphiuma Garden, 1821 - in Smith's Correspondence of Linnaeus, Vol. 1, p. 599 (descr. p. 333)

Amphiuma means Garden, 1821 Two-toed Amphiuma
The describer gives no specific reason for "means": 1.) Gr. menos fierceness 2.) Gr. mania frenzy — may ref. its ability to bite or 3.) NL honoring an unspecified person named Means.
OD Amphiuma means Garden, 1821 - in Smith's Correspondence of Linnaeus, Vol. 1, p. 599 (descr. p. 333)

Amphiuma pholeter Neill, 1964 One-toed Amphiuma
Gr. pholeter one who hides in a hole — ref. habitat
OD Amphiuma pholeter Neill, 1964 - Herpetologica, Vol. 20, p. 62

Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827 Three-toed Amphiuma
Gr. tri three and Gr. daktylos finger or digit — ref. to the # of digits on both sets of limbs
OD Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827 - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 14, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 4-6, pl. 2, figs. 9-18
Aneides Baird, 1849 CLIMBING SALAMANDERS
Gr. an- lacking and Gr. eidos form or shape — Jaeger - Gr. aneidos, "shapeless" Baird spelled it "Anaides."
OD Aneides Baird, 1849 - in Heck, Iconographic Encycl. Zool., Vol. 2, p. 257

Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard, 1881) Green Salamander
L. aeneus bronze or copper — ref. lichen-like patches of dorsal color
OD - Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard, 1881) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 15, No. 11, p. 878

Aneides ferreus (Cope, 1869) Clouded Salamander
L. ferreus iron colored — ref. dorsal mottling, clouded color phase
OD Aneides ferreus Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 109

Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) Black Salamander
L. flavi yellow and L. punctatus spotted — ref. conspicuous white or yellow iridophores on dark background
OD Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 71

Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) Speckled Black Salamander
L. flavi yellow and L. punctatus spotted — ref. conspicuous white or yellow iridophores on dark background
OD Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 71

Aneides flavipunctatus niger Myers and Maslin, 1948 Santa Cruz Black Salamander
L. niger black — ref. adult color "shiny black without...spots"
OD Aneides flavipunctatus niger Myers and Maslin, 1948 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 61, p. 132

Aneides hardii (Taylor, 1941) Sacramento Mountain Salamander
NL honors D. Elmo Hardy
OD Aneides hardii (Taylor, 1941) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 54, p. 77

Aneides lugubris (Hallowell, 1849) Arboreal Salamander
L. lugubris gloomy, dark — poss. ref. dull coloration or ironic ref.
OD Aneides lugubris (Hallowell, 1849) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, p. 126

Aneides vagrans (Wake and Jackman, 1999) Wandering Salamander
L. vagrans wandering —
OD Aneides vagrans (Wake and Jackman, 1999) [nc][tc]
Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1841 SLENDER SALAMANDERS
Gr. batrachos amphibian, frog and Gr. seps lizard — describes lizard-like appearance
OD Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1841 - Iconogr. Fauna Italica, Vol. 2, Fasc. 26, fol. 131, not paged

Batrachoseps aridus Brame, 1970 Desert Slender Salamander
L. aridus dry — ref. habitat, Coachella Valley, CA.
OD Batrachoseps aridus Brame, 1970 - Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 200, p. 2

Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) California Slender Salamander
L. attenuatus slender, narrow — ref. elongate, slender body form
OD Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 1, pl. 21, figs. 1-14

Batrachoseps campi Marlow, Brode and Wake, 1979 Inyo Mountains Salamander
NL honors Charles L. Camp
OD Batrachoseps campi Marlow, Brode and Wake, 1979 - Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 308, p. 3

Batrachoseps diabolicus Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Hell Hollow Slender Salamander
Gr. diabolikos devilish — poss. ref. type locality
OD Batrachoseps, diabolicus Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998

Batrachoseps gabrieli Wake, 1996 San Gabriel Slender Salamander
NL of the San Gabriel Mountains — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Batrachoseps gabrieli Wake, 1996 [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps gavilanensis Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Gabilan Mountains Slender Salamander NL of the Gabilan Mountains — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Batrachoseps gavilanensis Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps gregarius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998
*TRANS
OD Batrachoseps gregarius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998. Contribs. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist.[nc][tc]

Batrachoseps incognitus Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 San Simeon Slender Salamander
*TRANS*
OD Batrachoseps incognitus Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Herp. Monogr. 15. [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps kawia Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Sequoia Slender Salamander
NL kawia — prob. ref. to the Kawia Indian Tribe of southern CA
OD Batrachoseps kawia Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps luciae Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Santa Lucia Slender Salamander
NL Luciae — ref. Santa Lucia Mts., CA habitat
OD Batrachoseps luciae Jokusch et al. 2001, Herp. Monogr. 15: 1-53 [tc]

Batrachoseps major Camp, 1915 Garden Slender Salamander
L. major larger or greater — largest Batrachoseps
OD Batrachoseps major Camp, 1915 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 12, p. 327

Batrachoseps minor Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Lesser Slender Salamander
L. minor smaller, less — prob. ref. small body size
OD Batrachoseps minor Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 - Herp. Monogr. 15., p. ___ [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869 Blackbelly Slender Salamander
L. niger black and L. ventris of the belly — ref. dark venter
OD Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 98

Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope, 1865) Channel Islands Slender Salamander
NL of the Pacific Ocean — found on Northern Channel Islands, off CA coast
OD Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope, 1865) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 17, p. 195

Batrachoseps regius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Kings River Slender Salamander
L. regius of the king — ref. King's River, California locality
OD Batrachoseps regius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Contribs. Los Angeles County Museum [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray, 1968 Relictual Slender Salamander
L. relictus to leave behind — ref. relict distribution
OD Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 5

Batrachoseps robustus Wake, Yanev, and Hansen, 2002 Kern Plateau Salamander
L. robust large bodied — poss. ref. body style
OD Batrachoseps robustus Wake, Yanev, and Hansen, 2002 Copeia 4:1016-1028. [tc]

Batrachoseps simatus Brame and Murray, 1968 Kern Canyon Slender Salamander
L. simus pug-nose and L. -atus having the nature of — ref. appearance of face
OD Batrachoseps simatus Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 15

Batrachoseps stebbinsi Brame and Murray, 1968 Tehachapi Slender Salamander
NL honors Robert C. Stebbins
OD Batrachoseps stebbinsi Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 18

Batrachoseps wrightorum (Bishop, 1937) Oregon Slender Salamander
NL honors Albert H. Wright and Margaret R. Wright
OD Batrachoseps wrightorum (Bishop, 1937) - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 93, pl. 9
Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 HELLBENDERS
Gr. kryptos hidden and Gr. branchion gill — ref. lack of large external gills
OD Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 - Encyklopadische Zeitung von Oken, Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 260, also an abstract in Isis, 1821, Lit. Anz., p. 259

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) Hellbender
NL belonging to the Allegheny Mountains — ref. type locality, VA, 1803
OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 8, p. 231

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) Eastern Hellbender
NL belonging to the Allegheny Mountains — ref. type locality, VA, 1803
OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 8, p. 231

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grobman, 1943 Ozark Hellbender
NL honors Sherman C. Bishop
OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grobman, 1943 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 470, p. 6
Desmognathus Baird, 1850 DUSKY SALAMANDERS
Gr. desmos ligament and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. bundle of ligaments holding jaw
OD Desmognathus Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 282 and p. 285

Desmognathus abditus Anderson and Tilley, 2003 Cumberland Dusky Salamander
*TRANS*--- common name refers to its restriction to the Cumberland Plateau
OD Desmognathus abditus Anderson and Tilley, 2003 - Systematics of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus Complex in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Herpetological Monographs 17: 75-110. [tc]

Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947 Seepage Salamander
L. aeneus copper or bronze — ref. dorsal body color
OD Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947 - Copeia, p. 163

Desmognathus apalachicolae Bruce and Karlin, 1989 Apalachicola Dusky Salamander
NL of the Apalachicola National Forest
OD Desmognathus apalachicolae Means and Karlin, 1989 - Herpetologica, Vol. 45, p. 38

Desmognathus auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838) Southern Dusky Salamander
L. auriculatus having an external ear — ref. oblong brownish spot on the side of its head
OD Desmognathus auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 115, pl. 28

Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, 1894c Ouachita Dusky Salamander
NL honors C.S. and H.H. Brimley
OD Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, 1895 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 597

Desmognathus carolinensis Dunn, 1916 Carolina Dusky Salamander
NL belonging to Carolina — poss ref. type loc. Mt. Mitchell, NC
OD Desmognathus carolinensis (Dunn, 1916) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29:74 [tc]

Desmognathus conanti Rossman, 1958 Spotted Dusky Salamander
NL honors Roger Conant
OD Desmognathus conanti Rossman, 1958 - Herpetologica, Vol. 14, p. 158

Desmognathus folkertsi Camp, Tilley, Austin, and Marshall, 2002 Dwarf Blackbelly Salamander
NL honors _______ Folkerts *BIO*
OD - Camp, Carlos D., Stephen G. Tilley, Richard M. Austin, Jr., and Jeremy L. Marshall. 2002. A New Species of Black-bellied Salamander (Genus Desmognathus) from the Appalachian Mountains of Northern Georgia. Herpetologica 58(4): 471-484. [tc]

Desmognathus fuscus (Green, 1818) Northern Dusky Salamander
L. fuscus dark, swarthy — "dusky"
OD Desmognathus fuscus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1., p. 357

Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927 Imitator Salamander
L. imitator one who mimics — alludes to the resemblance between red cheeked specimens and similarly patterned, sympatric Plethodon jordani
OD Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927 - Copeia, p. 84

Desmognathus marmoratus Moore, 1899
L. marmoratus marbled — ref. marbled dorsal pattern
OD Desmognathus marmoratus (Moore, 1899) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 51, p. 316, pl. 14, figs. 1-10

Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916 Seal Salamander
L. monticola mountaineer, highlander — ref. habitat of species
OD Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 29, p. 73

Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951 [:x]
NL honors Thomas Jefferson
OD Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 66, p. 250, pl. 17, fig. 2, map 1

Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859 Mountain Dusky Salamander
Gr. ochros yellow, pale and Gr. phaeos light — ref. bright coloration of some individuals
OD Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 124

Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949 Ocoee Salamander
NL Ocoee Gorge — ref. type loc. in Polk Cty., TN
OD Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949 - Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci 24:127 [tc]

Desmognathus orestes Tilley and Mahoney, 1996 Blue Ridge Dusky Salamander
NL honors Orestes - in mythology, a son of Agamemnon and a mountaineer — poss. ref. habitat
OD Desmognathus orestes Tilley and Mahoney, 1996 [nc][tc]

Desmognathus quadramaculatus (Holbrook, 1840) Blackbelly Salamander
L. quadrus four-fold and L. maculatus spotted — ref. 4 rows of small light spots
OD Desmognathus quadramaculatus (Holbrook, 1840) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, pl. 26 misprinted 27, p. 121

Desmognathus santeetlah Tilley, 1981 Santeetlah Dusky Salamander
NL belonging to Santeetlah Creek, NC — prominant geographic name in region of type locality
OD Desmognathus santeetlah Tilley, 1981 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 695, p. 3

Desmognathus welteri Barbour, 1950 Black Mountain Salamander
NL honors Wilfred August Welter
OD Desmognathus welteri Barbour, 1950 - Copeia, p. 277

Desmognathus wrighti King, 1936 Pigmy Salamander
NL honors George M. Wright
OD Desmognathus wrighti King, 1936 - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 57, pl. 5
Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 GIANT SALAMANDERS
Gr. di two and Gr. kamptos curved, bent and Gr. odon teeth — ref. to doubly curved teeth
OD Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 68

Dicamptodon aterrimus (Cope, 1867) *NCN*
*TRANS*
OD Dicamptodon aterrimus (Cope, 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, 2nd Series, p. 201

Dicamptodon copei Nussbaum, 1970 Cope's Giant Salamander
NL honors Edward Drinker Cope
OD Dicamptodon copei Nussbaum, 1970 - Copeia, p. 506

Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) California Giant Salamander
L. ensatus sword-shaped — poss. ref. to the pointed teeth
OD Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 6, pl. 22

Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Pacific Giant Salamander
L. tenebrosus dark, gloomy — poss. ref. color or habitat
OD Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174
Ensatina Gray, 1850 ENSATINAS
L. ensatus sword shaped and L. -ina similar to — poss. ref. to the teeth
OD Ensatina Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., p. 48

Ensatina eschscholtzii Gray, 1850 Monterey Ensatina
NL honors Johann F. Eschscholtz
OD Ensatina eschscholtzi Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., p. 48

Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater (Cope, 1869) Yellow-blotched Ensatina
L. croceus saffron colored and L. -ater black — ref. color pattern
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater (Cope, "1867" 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, p. 210

Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi Dunn, 1929 Large-blotched Ensatina
NL honors Laurence M. Klauber
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi Dunn, 1929 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 74, Art. 25, p. 2

Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis (Girard, 1856) Oregon Ensatina
NL belonging to the state of Oregon — ref. distribution
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis (Girard, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 141

Ensatina eschscholtzii picta Wood, 1940 Painted Ensatina
L. picta painted or embroidered — ref. bright dorsal coloration
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii picta Wood, 1940 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 42, No. 10, p. 425

Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (Espada, 1875) Sierra Nevada Ensatina
NL belonging to the Rio La Plata, Uruguay — Espada named this salamander Urotropis platensis because he thought it came from Montevideo, Uruguay
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (Jimenez de la Espada, 1875) - An. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. 4, p. 71, pl. 1

Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949 Yellow-eyed Ensatina
Gr. xanthos yellow and Gr. ops eye and Gr. -ika belonging to — ref. eye color
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 48, No. 6, p. 407, pl. 11, figs. 2 and 12
Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822 BROOK SALAMANDERS
NL.. probably honors Eurydice — although Rafinesque only wrote "Mythological"
OD Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822 - Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, N. S., Vol. 1, No. 9, Feb. 28, p. 3, column 6

Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818) Northern Two-lined Salamander
L. bis twice and L. lineata lined, streaked — ref. to two dorsal stripes
OD Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 352

Eurycea chamberlaini Harrison and Guttman, 2003 Chamberlain's Dwarf Salamander
NL honors _____ Chamberlain *BIO*
OD Eurycea chamberlaini Harrison and Guttman, 2003. A New Species of Eurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from North and South Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist 2(2): 159-178. [tc]

Eurycea chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Chisholm Trail Salamander
NL belonging to the Chisholm Trail — ref. locality
OD Eurycea chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 [nc][tc]

Eurycea cirrigera (Green, 1830) Southern Two-lined Salamander
L. cirrus lock, curl of hair and L. gera bearing — alludes to pendant nasolabial process in sexually active males.
OD Eurycea cirrigera (Green, 1830) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 253

Eurycea junaluska Sever, Dundee and Sullivan, 1976 Junaluska Salamander
NL honors Junaluska, whose statue inspired the honorific.
OD Eurycea junaluska Sever, Dundee and Sullivan, 1976 - Herpetologica, Vol. 32, p. 26

Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946 Cascade Cavern Salamander
L. latito, to hide, conceal — prob. ref. to reclusive nature and habitat
OD Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946 - Herpetologica, Vol. 3, p. 106

Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) Longtail Salamander
L. longus long and L. cauda tail — tail length usually greater than snout vent length
OD Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 351

Eurycea longicauda guttolineata (Holbrook, 1838) Three-lined Salamander
L. gutta spot, drop and L. lineata lined — ref. conspicuous 3 lines formed by its spots
OD Eurycea longicauda guttolineata (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 2, p. 61, pl. 12

Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Green, 1818) Longtail Salamander
L. longus long and L. cauda tail — tail length usually greater than snout vent length
OD Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 351

Eurycea longicauda melanopleura (Cope, 1893) Dark-sided Salamander
Gr. melaina black and Gr. pleura side of body — type specimens were juveniles and did not show adult pattern
OD Eurycea longicauda melanopleura (Cope, 1893) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 45, p. 383

Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822 Cave Salamander
L. lucis light and L. fuga flee — "relates to its habit of avoiding light"
OD Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822 - Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, N.S., Vol. 1, No. 9, p. 3.

Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) Many-ribbed Salamander
L. multus many and L. plicata folded — ref. numerous costal folds
OD Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 106

Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941 Graybelly Salamander
L. griseus greyish and Gr. gaster belly — ref. greyish colored venter
OD Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941 - Copeia, p. 139

Eurycea multiplicata multiplicata (Cope, 1869) Many-ribbed Salamander
L. multus many and L. plicata folded — ref. numerous costal folds
OD Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 106

Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941 San Marcos Salamander
1.) Gr. nanos dwarf or 2.) L. nanus dwarf — ref. small size
OD Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941 - Occ. Pap. Mus. of Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 6, pl. I, fig. 1

Eurycea naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 San Gabriel Springs Salamander
L. naufragium remnants, remains — refers to human fragmentation of its spring habitats
OD Eurycea naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 [nc][tc]

Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937 Texas Salamander
Gr. neotes youth and Gr. -enos pertaining to — ref. sexual maturity while in larval stage
OD Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 50, p. 142

Eurycea pterophila Burger, Smith and Potter, 1950 Fern Bank Salamander
Gr. ptero fern and Gr. philos lover of — ref. habitat
OD Eurycea pterophila Burger, Smith and Potter 1950. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 63:51

Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842) Dwarf Salamander
L. quadra four and L. digita fingers or digits and L. -ata having — ref. to number of toes on feet
OD Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 5, p. 65, pl. 21

Eurycea sosorum Chippindale, Price and Hillis, 1993 Barton Springs Salamander
NL honors the conservation group "Save Our Springs"
OD Eurycea sosorum Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Herpetologica, 49: 249 [tc]

Eurycea tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Tonkawa Springs Salamander
NL belonging to Tonkawa Springs — ref. locality
OD Eurycea tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Herpetol. Monogr., 14: 32 [tc]

Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 Comal Blind Salamander
L. tridentifera trident-bearer, epithet of Neptune — ref. to internal anatomy
OD Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 17, p. 14

Eurycea troglodytes Baker, 1957 Valdina Farms Salamander Gr. trogle, a hole made by knawing Gr. dytes burrower — from which was coined the French word troglodytes meaning dwellers in caves — prob. ref. habitat
OD Eurycea troglodytes Baker, 1957 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 328-9 [tc]

Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939 Oklahoma Salamander
NL belonging to Tyner Creek, OK — type locality, Adair Cty., OK, 1939
OD Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 22, No. 3, p. 697

Eurycea waterlooensis Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox and Chippindale, 2001 Common Name TBA
NL belonging to Waterloo — poss. ref. locality
OD Eurycea waterlooensis Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox and Chippindale, 2001 - 2001 Herpetologica Vol. 57, Number 3, pages 266-280.

Eurycea wilderae Dunn, 1920 Blue Ridge Two-lined Salamander
NL honors Inez Whipple Wilder
OD Eurycea wilderae Dunn, 1920 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 33, p. 134
Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869 SPRING SALAMANDERS
Gr. gyrinos tadpole and Gr. philos loving, fond of — ref. multi-year larval phase
OD Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 108

Gyrinophilus gulolineatus Brandon, 1965 Berry Cave Salamander
L. gula throat and L. lineatus marked w/lines — ref. striped throat
OD Gyrinophilus palleucus gulolineatus Brandon, 1965 - Copeia, p. 347

Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 Tennessee Cave Salamander
Gr. palleucus white — ref. pale coloration
OD Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 - Copeia, p. 201

Gyrinophilus palleucus necturoides Lazell and Brandon, 1962 Big Mouth Cave Salamander
Gr. nektos swimming and Gr. oura the tail and Gr. -oides similarity to — ref. dorsal color like Necturus
OD Gyrinophilus palleucus necturoides Lazell and Brandon, 1962 - Copeia, p. 301

Gyrinophilus palleucus palleucus McCrady, 1954 Pale Salamander
Gr. palleucus white — ref. pale coloration
OD Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 - Copeia, p. 201

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) Spring Salamander
Gr. porphyros reddish-brown, purple and L. -icus calls attention to the color — ref. dorsal body color
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi (Blatchley, 1901) Blue Ridge Spring Salamander
NL honors Lewis E. Daniels
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi (Blatchley, "1900" 1901) - 25 Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 760

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941 Carolina Spring Salamander
NL honors Emmett Reid Dunn
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941 - Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 101, No. 2, July 14, p. 2, pl. 1

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi (Weller, 1930) Kentucky Spring Salamander
NL honors Ralph Dury
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi (Weller, 1930) - Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci., Cincinnati, Vol. 1, Nos. 5-6, p. [6]

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) Northern Spring Salamander
Gr. porphyros reddish-brown, purple and L. -icus calls attention to the color — ref. dorsal body color
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2

Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977 West Virginia Spring Salamander
L. sub below and L. terra ground and L. -aneus belonging to — ref. habitat
OD Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977 - Copeia, p. 626
Haideotriton Carr, 1934 GEORGIA BLIND SALAMANDERS
Gr. haidos Hades the abode of dead and Gr. Triton a Greek sea god and a European genus of salamander — ref. subterranean habitat.
OD Haideotriton Carr, 1939 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 334

Haideotriton wallacei Carr, 1939 Georgia Blind Salamander
NL honors Howard K. Wallace
OD Haideotriton wallacei Carr, 1939 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 335, pl. 11-12
Hemidactylium Tschudi, 1838 FOUR-TOED SALAMANDER
Gr. hemi half and Gr. daktylion fusion of digits — ref. reduced number of digits on each hind foot
OD Hemidactylium Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 59

Hemidactylium scutatum (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) Four-toed Salamander
L. scutatum armed w/a shield — costal grooves appear covered with shield-like plates
OD Hemidactylium scutatum (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) - in Von Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Saur. Batr., Pt. 3, p. 119
Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 WEB-TOED SALAMANDERS
Gr. hydro water and Gr. mantis soothsayer or prophet —
OD Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 - Naturgesch. Thierr., p. xi

Hydromantes brunus Gorman, 1954 Limestone Salamander
L. brunus brown — ref. adult coloration
OD Hydromantes brunus Gorman, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 153

Hydromantes platycephalus (Camp, 1916) Mount Lyell Salamander
Gr. platys flat and Gr. kephalos headed — ref. to flat head
OD Hydromantes platycephalus (Camp, 1916) - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, p. 11

Hydromantes shastae Gorman and Camp, 1953 Shasta Salamander
NL Shasta County, CA — type locality
OD Hydromantes shastae Gorman and Camp, 1953 - Copeia, p. 39
Leurognathus Moore, 1899 [:x]
Gr. leuros smooth or even and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. to flat palate devoid of a premaxillary fontanelle
OD Leurognathus Moore, 1899 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 51, p. 316
Necturus Rafinesque, 1819 WATERDOGS AND MUDPUPPY
Gr. nektos swimming and Gr. oura tail — ref. aquatic existence
OD Necturus Rafinesque, 1819 - Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Blainville, Vol. 88, June, pp. 417-418

Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937 Alabama Waterdog
NL belonging to the state of Alabama — type collected near Tuscaloosa, AL
OD Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 121

Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 Gulf Coast Waterdog
NL honors George E. Beyer
OD Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 123

Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 Neuse River Waterdog
NL honors Frank B. Lewis
OD Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 11, p. 167

Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 Red River Mudpuppy
NL belonging to the state of Louisiana — type collected near Pollock, LA
OD Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 51, p. 143

Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) Mudpuppy
L. maculosus full of spots — ref. somewhat spotted dorsum
OD Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) - Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 41

Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) Dwarf Waterdog
L. punctatus having spots or points — ref. spotted dorsum
OD Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 3, Charleston, p. 159

Necturus punctatus lodingi Viosca, 1937 Mobile Dwarf Waterdog
NL honors Henry P. Loding
OD Necturus punctatus lodingi Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 126

Necturus punctatus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) Dwarf Waterdog
L. punctatus having spots or points —
OD Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 3, Charleston, p. 159
Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 EASTERN NEWTS
Gr. noto mark Gr. ophtalmus eye — ref. eye spots on sides and back
OD Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5

Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880) Black-spotted Newt
L. meridionalis southern — ref southerly distribution of this species
OD Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 30

Notophthalmus meridionalis meridionalis (Cope, 1880) Texas Black-spotted Newt
L. meridionalis southern — ref. southerly distribution of this species
OD Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5

Notophthalmus perstriatus Bishop, 1941 Striped Newt
L. per through (throughout) L. striatus lined, layered or channeled — ref. dorsolateral red lines
OD Notophthalmus perstriatus (Bishop, 1941) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 3, pl. 1 and 2

Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) Eastern Newt
L. viridescens slightly green — ref. common greenish color
OD Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5

Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis (Harlan, 1828) Broken-striped Newt
L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. broken red lines on dorsum
OD Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis (Harlan, 1828) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 101

Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis (Wolterstorff, 1914) Central Newt
NL louisianaensis belongs to the state of LA — type locality, New Orleans, LA, l9l4
OD Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis (Wolterstorff, 1914) - Abh. Mus. Nat. Heimatk. Magdeburg, Vol. 2, Pt. 4, p. 383

Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola (Schwartz and Duellman, 1952) Peninsula Newt
NL piaropus water hyacinths and L. -icola inhabitant of — ref. habit of living in beds of water hyacinths
OD Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola (Schwartz and Duellman, 1952) - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, No. 12, p. 219, pl. 1

Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) Red-spotted Newt
L. viridescens slightly green — ref. common greenish color
OD Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5
Phaeognathus Highton, 1961 RED HILLS SALAMANDER
Gr. phaios dun colored, dark and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. dark jaw lacking light diagonal line characteristic of other desmognathoid salamanders
OD Phaeognathus Highton, 1961 - Copeia, p. 66

Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton, 1961 Red Hills Salamander
NL honors Leslie Hubricht
OD Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton, 1961 - Copeia, p. 67
Plethodon Tschudi, 1838 WOODLAND SALAMANDERS
Gr. plethore fullness or full of and Gr. odon teeth — ref. to the number of vomerine and paravomerine teeth
OD Plethodon Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 92

Plethodon ainsworthi Lazell, 1998 Catahoula Salamander
NL honors Jackson Harold Ainsworth *BIO*
OD Plethodon ainsworthi Lazell, 1998 - Copeia, 1998: 967 [tc]

Plethodon albagula Grobman, 1944 Western Slimy Salamander
L. alba white and L. gula throat — ref. color of chin
OD Plethodon albagula Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 45, p. 283

Plethodon amplus Highton and Peabody, 2000 Blue Ridge Graycheek Salamander
L. amplus large body — ref. large body size
OD Plethodon amplus Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]

Plethodon angusticlavius Grobman, 1944 Ozark Zigzag Salamander
L. angusticlavius bearing a narrow purple stripe — ref. to dorsal striping
OD Plethodon angusticlavius Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 45, p. 266

Plethodon aureolus Highton, 1983 Tellico Salamander
L. aureolus golden, splendid — poss. ref. coloration
OD Plethodon aureolus Highton, 1984 - Brimleyana, Vol. 9, p. 2

Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951 Caddo Mountain Salamander
NL belongs to the Caddo Mountains, AR — type locality of the holotype, l950
OD Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 148

Plethodon chattahoochee Highton, 1989 Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander
NL chattahoochee — ref. locality
OD Plethodon chattahoochee Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 55

Plethodon cheoah Highton and Peabody, 2000 Cheoah Bald Salamander
NL cheoah — ref. locality, Cheoah Bald, NC.
OD Plethodon cheoah Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]

Plethodon chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951 Atlantic Coast Slimy Salamander
Gr. chloro green and Gr. bryonis white bitter root juice — poss. ref. to slimy skin secretions
OD Plethodon chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951 - Herpetologica, Vol. 7, p. 108

Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818) Redback Salamander
L. cinereus ash colored — ref. dorsal color of lead backed phase
OD Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 356

*Plethodon cylindraceus *NCN*
*TRANS*
OD Plethodon cylindraceus (Harlan, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 156-157[tc]

Plethodon dorsalis Cope, 1889 Zigzag Salamander
L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. differences in dorsal patterns of P. dorsalis and P. cinereus
OD Plethodon dorsalis Cope, 1889 - Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 34, p. 138

Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934 Dunn's Salamander
NL honors Emmett R. Dunn
OD Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 47, p. 169

Plethodon electromorphus Highton, 1999 Northern Ravine Salamander
NL.. electro ref. to electrophoresis and NGr. morphus change — prob. ref. to use of new technology to separate it from its previous name
OD Plethodon electromorphus Highton, 1999 [nc][tc]

Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916 Del Norte Salamander
L. elongatus slender, attenuated — most slender western Plethodon
OD Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 6, No. 7, p. 216

Plethodon fourchensis Duncan and Highton, 1979 Fourche Mountain Salamander
NL fourchensis belongs to the Fourche Mountains, AR — type-locality, Polk Cty., AR, 1976
OD Plethodon fourchensis Duncan and Highton, 1979 - Copeia, p. 109

Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818) Northern Slimy Salamander
L. glutinosus full of glue, very gluey — ref. sticky skin
OD Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 357

Plethodon grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949 Southeastern Slimy Salamander
NL honors Arnold B. Grobman
OD Plethodon grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949 - Herpetologica Vol. 5, page 112

Plethodon hoffmani Highton, 1971 Valley and Ridge Salamander
NL honors Richard L. Hoffman
OD Plethodon hoffmani Highton, "1971" 1972 - in Holt et al., Res. Div. Monogr., No. 4, Pt. 3, Vertebrates, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., p. 151

Plethodon hubrichti Thurow, 1957 Peaks of Otter Salamander
NL honors Leslie Hubricht
OD Plethodon hubrichti Thurow, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 59

Plethodon idahoensis Slater and Slip, 1940 Coeur d'Alene Salamander
NL belonging to the state of Idaho — ref. type locality
OD Plethodon idahoensis Slater and Slip, 1940 - Occ. Papers Dept. Biol. Univ. Puget Sound, Vol. 8, p. 38, figs. 1-2

Plethodon jordani Blatchley, 1901 Jordan's Salamander
NL honors David S.Jordan
OD Plethodon jordani Blatchley, "1900" 1901 - 25th Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 762

Plethodon kentucki Mittleman, 1951 Cumberland Plateau Salamander
NL Kentucky — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon kentucki Mittleman, 1951 - Herpetologica, Vol. 7, p. 105

Plethodon kiamichi Highton, 1989 Kiamichi Slimy Salamander
NL Kiamichi — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon kiamichi Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 62

Plethodon kisatchie Highton, 1989 Louisiana Slimy Salamander
NL Kisatchie — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon kisatchie Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 67

Plethodon larselli Burns, 1954 Larch Mountain Salamander
NL honors Olaf Larsell
OD Plethodon larselli Burns, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 83

Plethodon meridianus Highton and Peabody, 2000 South Mountain Graycheek Salamander
L. meridianus belonging to the meridian — pres. ref. refers to its distribution endemic to the South Mountains
OD Plethodon meridianusHighton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]

Plethodon metcalfi Brimley, 1912 Southern Graycheek Salamander
NL honors (possibly Maynard M.) Metcalf
OD Plethodon metcalfi Brimley 1912. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25:135 [tc]

Plethodon mississippi Highton, 1989 Mississippi Slimy Salamander
NL Mississippi — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon mississippi Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, 1989 Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 65

Plethodon montanus Highton and Peabody, 2000 Northern Graycheek Salamander L. montanus belonging to a mountain — poss. ref. type locality
OD Plethodon montanus Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]

Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950 Jemez Mountains Salamander
NL belonging to the state of New Mexico — holotype found in Jemez Mountains, NM, l950
OD Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950 - Copeia, p. 73

Plethodon nettingi Green, 1938 Cheat Mountain Salamander
NL honors Morris Graham Netting
OD Plethodon nettingi Green, 1938 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 27, No. 19, p. 295

Plethodon ocmulgee Highton, 1989 Ocmulgee Slimy Salamander
NL Ocmulgee — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon ocmulgee Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 60

Plethodon oconaluftee Hairston, 1993 Southern Appalachian Salamander
NL Oconaluftee — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon oconaluftee Hairston, 1993 [nc][tc]

Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heintze, 1933 Rich Mountain Salamander
NL Ouachita Natl. Forest, AR — area where the holotype was found, 1933
OD Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heinze, 1933 - Copeia, p. 121

Plethodon petraeus Wynn, Highton and Jacobs, 1988 *NCN*
L. petraeus growing among rocks — prob. ref. habitat
OD Plethodon petraeus Wynn, Highton and Jacobs, 1988 - Herpetologica, Vol. 44, p. 135.

Plethodon punctatus Highton, 1972 White-spotted Salamander
L. punctatus spotted — prob. ref. pattern
OD Plethodon punctatus Highton, "1971" 1972 - in Holt et al., Res. Div. Monogr., No. 4, Pt. 3, Vertebrates, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., p. 176

Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938 Ravine Salamander
NL honors Neil Dwight Richmond
OD Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 27, p. 288, pl. 30, fig. 1

Plethodon savannah Highton, 1989 Savannah Slimy Salamander
NL honors Savannah — poss. ref. type loc
OD Plethodon savannah Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 73

Plethodon sequoyah Highton, 1989 Sequoyah Slimy Salamander
NL sequoyah, a genus of trees in their habitat which in turn honors Sequoyah
OD Plethodon sequoyah Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 68

Plethodon serratus Grobman, 1944 Southern Redback Salamander
L. serratus serrated or notched — "refers to the condition of the diagnostic character: the saw-toothed edge of the dorsal line."
OD Plethodon serratus Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci, Vol. 45, No. 7, p. 306

Plethodon shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967 Shenandoah Salamander
NL Shenandoah Mountains, VA and WV — prob. ref. type locality
OD Plethodon shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967 - Copeia, p. 619

Plethodon shermani Brimley, 1912 Red-legged Salamander
NL honors ______ Sherman *BIO*
OD Plethodon shermani Brimley 1912. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25:135 [tc]

Plethodon stormi Highton and Brame, 1965 Siskiyou Mountains Salamander
NL honors Robert M. Storm
OD Plethodon stormi Highton and Brame, 1965 - Pilot Register of Zoology, Card No. 20, 1-2

Plethodon teyahalee *NCN*
*TRANS*
OD Plethodon teyahalee Hairston, 1950 - Copeia, p. 269 [tc]

Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh, 1906 Van Dyke's Salamander
NL honors Edwin C. Van Dyke
OD Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh, 1906 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, p. 61

Plethodon variolatus Gilliams, 1818 South Carolina Slimy Salamander
L. variolatus spotted like small pox — ref. pattern
OD Plethodon variolatus (Gilliams, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, p. 460, pl. 18, fig. 1

Plethodon vehiculum (Cooper, 1860) Western Redback Salamander
L. vehiculum vehicle, conveyance —
OD Plethodon vehiculum (Cooper, 1860) - Rep. Expl. Surv. R.R. Route Mississippi-Pacific Ocean, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., House Ex. Doc. 56, Vol. 12, (Book 2, Pt. 3, No. 4), p. viii (list of illustrations), pl. 31, fig. 4

Plethodon ventralis Highton, 1997 Southern Zigzag Salamander
L. ventralis of the belly —
OD Plethodon ventralis Highton, 1997 [nc]

Plethodon virginia Highton, 1999 Shenandoah Mountain Salamander
NL ref. locality
OD Plethodon virginia Highton, 1999 [nc][tc]

Plethodon websteri Highton, 1979 Webster's Salamander
NL honors T. Preston Webster
OD Plethodon websteri Highton, 1979 - Brimleyana, Vol. 1, p. 32

Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917 Wehrle's Salamander
NL honors Richard W. Wehrle
OD Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 69, p. 23, pl. 4

Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931 Weller's Salamander
NL honors Worth Hamilton Weller
OD Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931 - Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci., Cincinnati, Vol. 2, p. 48

Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917 Yonahlossee Salamander
NL Yonahlossee Road, NC — type locality, Avery Cty., NC, 1917
OD Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917 - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 37, p. 598
Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825 DWARF SIREN
Gr. pseudes false and Gr. branchos gills — describer believed the gills spiracle covers
OD Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825 - Ann. Philos, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 216

Pseudobranchus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942 Southern Dwarf Siren (nominate subspecies is "Narrow-striped Dwarf Siren")
Gr. a without and Gr. xanthos yellow — refers to the difference in coloration between this and P. s. striatus
OD Pseudobranchus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, Art. 6, p. 183, pl. 1, figs. 1 and 2

Pseudobranchus axanthus belli Schwartz, 1952 Everglades Dwarf Siren
NL honors L. Neil Bell
OD Pseudobranchus axanthus belli Schwartz, 1952 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 115, p. 1

Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) Dwarf Siren
L. striatus striped — ref. longitudinal markings
OD Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 53, pl. 4

Pseudobranchus striatus lustricolus Neill, 1951 Gulf Hammock Dwarf Siren
L. lustrum bog or morass and L. -icolus inhabiting — type locality, Levy Cty., FL, 1950
OD Pseudobranchus striatus lustricolus Neill, 1951 - Publ. Res. Div. Ross Allen's Reptile Inst. Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 39

Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949 Slender Dwarf Siren
Gr. spheniskos a small wedge — head and snout are narrow and wedge shaped
OD Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 31, No. 10, p. 277

Pseudobranchus striatus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) Broad-striped Dwarf Siren
L. striatus striped — ref. longitudinal markings
OD Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 53, pl. 4
Pseudotriton Tschudi, 1838 RED and MUD SALAMANDERS
Gr. pseudes false and Gr. Triton a Greek sea god and a genus of European salamanders which this resembles
OD Pseudotriton Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 60

Pseudotriton diastictus Bishop, 1941 Midland Mud Salamander
Gr. dia throughout and Gr. stiktos dotted — ref. distinct dorsal spotting
OD Pseudotriton diastictus Bishop, 1941 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 14, pl. 2

Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 Eastern Mud Salamander
L. montanus belonging to a mountain — type specimen found on South Mountain, PA, l849
OD Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 293

Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus Hallowell, 1856 Gulf Coast Mud Salamander
L. flavus yellow and L. -issimus most or very much — poss. ref. suffusion of light coloration that obscures spotting
OD Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus Hallowell, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 130

Pseudotriton montanus floridanus Netting and Goin, 1942 Rusty Mud Salamander
NL state of Florida — type locality, U of FL Campus, Gainesville, FL, 1936
OD Pseudotriton montanus floridanus Netting and Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, Art. 6, p. 175, pl. 1, fig. 5

Pseudotriton montanus montanus Baird, 1849 Eastern Mud Salamander
L. montana a mountain and L. -anus belonging to — type specimen found on South Mtn., PA, l849
OD Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 293

Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) Red Salamander
L. ruber red — ref. dorsal color
OD Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, History Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 305

Pseudotriton ruber nitidus Dunn, 1920 Blue Ridge Red Salamander
L. nitidus bright or glittering — ref. brilliant dorsal color
OD Pseudotriton ruber nitidus Dunn, 1920 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 33, p. 133

Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Latreille, 1801) Northern Red Salamander
L. ruber red — ref. dorsal color
OD Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, History Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 305

Pseudotriton ruber schencki (Brimley, 1912) Blackchin Red Salamander
NL honors C.A. Schenck
OD Pseudotriton ruber schencki (Brimley, 1912) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 25, No. 28, p. 139, pl. 7, figs. 12-13, 15, 17-18, and 20-22

Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop, 1928 Southern Red Salamander
NL honors Percy Viosca, Jr.
OD Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop, 1928 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 5, p. 247, pl. 15
Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920 TORRENT SALAMANDERS
Gr. rhyakos stream and Gr. Triton Greek sea god and a European salamander genus
OD Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 7, p. 56

Rhyacotriton cascadae Good and Wake, 1992 Cascades Torrent Salamander
NL Cascades Mountains — ref. habitat
OD Rhyacotriton cascadae Good and Wake, 1992 [nc][tc]

Rhyacotriton kezeri Good and Wake, 1992 Columbia Torrent Salamander
NL honors James Kezer
OD Rhyacotriton kezeri Good and Wake, 1992 [nc][tc]

Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige, 1917) Olympic Torrent Salamander
NL Olympic Mountains, WA — type locality, Lake Cushman, WA, 1916
OD Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige, 1917) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 40, p. 2, pl. 1

Rhyacotriton variegatus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951 Southern Torrent Salamander
L. variegatus variegated — ref. dorsal color/pattern
OD Rhyacotriton variegatus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951 - Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 50, No. 4, p. 471
Siren Linnaeus, 1766 SIRENS
Gr. seiren mermaids of Greek myth — ref. physical traits described by Oesterdam, l769: no hind legs, curving tail and body.
OD Siren Linnaeus, 1766 - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, Pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda (not paged)

Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 Lesser Siren
L. intermedia in between — ref. intermediate size
OD Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 - Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. 11, p. 269

Siren intermedia intermedia Barnes, 1826 Eastern Lesser Siren
L. intermedia in between — ref. intermediate size
OD Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 - Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. 11, p. 269

Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942 Western Lesser Siren
NL honors Morris Graham Netting
OD Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, p. 211

Siren intermedia texana Goin, 1957 *NCN*
NL texana belonging to the state of Texas — prob. ref. type locality or range
OD Siren intermedia texana Goin, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 37 [tc]

Siren lacertina Linnaeus, 1766 Greater Siren
L. lacerta a lizard and L. -ina pertaining to — ref. serpentine body and poss. ref. genus Lacerta
OD Siren lacertina Linnaeus, 1766 - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, Pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda (not paged)
Stereochilus Cope, 1869 MANY-LINED SALAMANDER
Gr. stereos firm or solid and Gr. cheilos lip — alludes to the taxonomic character of the tongue attachment
OD Stereochilus Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 100

Stereochilus marginatus (Hallowell, 1856) Many-lined Salamander
L. marginatus bordered, lined — ref. streaked/striped color pattern on individuals of this species
OD Stereochilus marginatus (Hallowell, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 130
Taricha Gray, 1850 PACIFIC NEWTS
Gr. tarichos preserved mummy — poss. ref. rough skinned appearance
OD Taricha Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., Part 2, p. 25

Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) Roughskin Newt
L. granulosa full of small grains — ref. rough skin of terrestrial adults
OD Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. 1

Taricha granulosa granulosa (Skilton, 1849) Northern Roughskin Newt
L. granulosa full of small grains — ref. rough skin of terrestrial adults
OD Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. 1

Taricha granulosa mazamae (Myers, 1942) Crater Lake Newt
NL Mt. Mazama, OR — type locality, Crater Lake National Park, OR, 1942
OD Taricha granulosa mazamae (Myers, 1942) - Copeia, p. 80

Taricha rivularis (Twitty, 1935) Redbelly Newt
L. rivularis of a brook or stream — breeds only in streams
OD Taricha rivularis (Twitty, 1935) - Copeia, p. 73

Taricha torosa (Rathke in Eschscholtz, 1833) California Newt
L. torosa full of muscle, fleshy — ref. thicker head and body
OD Taricha torosa (Rathke, 1833) - in Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 15

Taricha torosa sierrae (Twitty, 1942) Sierra Newt
NL Sierra Nevada Mountains — type locality, Butte County, CA, l937
OD Taricha torosa sierrae (Twitty, 1942) - Copeia, p. 65, pl. 1 and 4

Taricha torosa torosa (Rathke in Eschscholtz, 1833) Coast Range Newt
L. torosa full of muscle, fleshy — ref. thicker head and body
OD Taricha torosa (Rathke, 1833) - in Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 15
Typhlomolge Stejneger, 1895 TEXAS BLIND SALAMANDERS
Gr. typhlos blind and German molge salamander —
OD Typhlomolge Stejneger, 1896 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 18, p. 620

Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, 1895 Texas Blind Salamander
NL honors Richard Rathbun
OD Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, 1896 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 18, p. 620

Typhlomolge robusta Longley, 1978 Blanco Blind Salamander
L. robusta strong, tough bodied — ref. robustness of species compared to T. rathbuni
OD Typhlomolge robusta Longley, 1978 - Endangered Species Report, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM, Vol. 2, pp. 1-10
Typhlotriton Stejneger, 1892 GROTTO SALAMANDER
Gr. typhlos blind and Gr. triton sea god and European genus of salamander — refers to loss of eyes in cave habitat
OD Typhlotriton Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 15, p. 115

Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger, 1892 Grotto Salamander
L. spelaeum cave — type locality, Rock House Cave, Barry Cty., MO
OD Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 15, p. 116, pl. 9

Frogs and Toads


Acris Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 CRICKET FROGS
Gr. akris locust — ref. call of genus, like insect song
OD Acris Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 506

Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 Northern Cricket Frog
L. crepitans clattering — ref. repititious clicking call
OD Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 59

Acris crepitans blanchardi Harper, 1947 Blanchard's Cricket Frog
NL honors Frank N. Blanchard
OD Acris crepitans blanchardi Harper, 1947 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 60, p. 39

Acris crepitans crepitans Baird, 1854 Northern Cricket Frog
L. crepitans clattering — ref. repeating clicking call
OD Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 59

Acris crepitans paludicola Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949 Coastal Cricket Frog
L. paludicola inhabitant of a marsh — ref. habitat of species
OD Acris crepitans paludicola Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949 - Journ. Tennessee Acad. Sci., Vol. 24, p. 131

Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Cricket Frog
L. gryllus cricket, grasshopper — ref. similarity of call to cricket sound
OD Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Acris gryllus dorsalis (Harlan, 1827) Florida Cricket Frog
L. dorsalis pertaining to the back —
OD Acris gryllus dorsalis (Harlan, 1827) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 340

Acris gryllus gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Cricket Frog
L. gryllus cricket, grasshopper — ref. similarity of call to cricket sound
OD Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282
Ascaphus Stejneger, 1899 TAILED FROG
Gr. a without and Gr. skaphis spade — notes lack of metatarsal spade
OD Ascaphus Stejneger, 1899 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 21, p. 899

Ascaphus truei Stejneger, 1899 Tailed Frog
NL honors Frederick W. True
OD Ascaphus truei Stejneger, 1899 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 21, p. 900, pl. 89, figs. 1-4
Bufo Laurenti, 1768 TRUE TOADS
L. bufo toad — Toads have been known since ancient times.
OD Bufo Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 25

Bufo alvarius Girard, 1859 Colorado River Toad
L. alvus the womb or belly and L. -arius belonging to —
OD Bufo alvarius Girard, 1859 - in Baird, Report U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., p. 26, pl. 41, figs. 1-6

Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 American Toad
NL belonging to America — poss. ref. wide distribution
OD Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 9

Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook, 1836 Eastern American Toad
NL belonging to America "most widely diffused of all American toads"
OD Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 9

Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bragg, 1954 Dwarf American Toad
NL honors Charles C. Smith
OD Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bragg, 1954 - Wasmann Journ. Biol., Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 245

Bufo americanus copei Yarrow and Henshaw, 1878 [:x]
NL honors Edward Drinker Cope
OD Bufo americanus copei Yarrow and Henshaw, 1878 - Report Batr. Calif. Ariz. Nev., p. 207; reprint p. 4

Bufo baxteri Porter, 1964 Wyoming Toad
NL honors George Baxter
OD Bufo baxteri Porter, 1968 - Evolution, Vol. 22, p. 593

Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Toad
Gr. boreas north wind or northern — ref. northern range
OD Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Bufo boreas boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 Boreal Toad
Gr. boreas north wind or northern — ref. northern range
OD Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Bufo boreas halophilus Baird and Girard, 1853 California Toad
Gr. halos sea, salt and Gr. philos having an affinity for — ref. coastal distribution
OD Bufo boreas halophilus Baird and Girard, 1853 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 301

Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 Amargosa Toad
NL honors Edward William Nelson
OD Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 220, pl. 3, figs. 4a and 4b

Bufo californicus Camp, 1915 Arroyo Toad
NL belonging to the state of California — ref. to type locality Ventura County, CA, 1912
OD Bufo californicus Camp, 1915 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, p. 331

Bufo canorus Camp, 1916 Yosemite Toad
L. canorus tuneful — "melodious trill uttered by this toad"
OD Bufo canorus Camp, 1916 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 6, p. 59

Bufo cognatus Say, 1823 Great Plains Toad
L. cognatus related by birth —
OD Bufo cognatus Say, 1823 - in James, Long's Exp. Rocky Mts., Vol. 2, p. 190

Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 Green Toad
L. debilis lame, crippled or frail —
OD Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 87

Bufo debilis debilis Girard, 1854 Eastern Green Toad
L. debilis lame, crippled or frail —
OD Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 87

Bufo debilis insidior Girard, 1854 Western Green Toad
L. insidior to lay in wait for, cunning —
OD Bufo debilis insidior Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 88

Bufo exsul Myers, 1942 Black Toad
L. exsul exile, refugee — ref. isolated distribution
OD Bufo exsul Myers, 1942 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 460, p. 3, pl. 1 and 2

Bufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882 Fowler's Toad
NL honors Samuel Fowler
OD Bufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882 - Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 21, p. 310

Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886 Canadian Toad
Gr. hemi half and Gr. ophrys brow, eyebrow — poss. ref. to eye shape
OD Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 515

Bufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 Houston Toad
NL belongs to Houston — holotype collected in Houston, TX, l952
OD Bufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 27, fig. 1

Bufo marinus (Linneaus, 1758) Cane Toad
L. marinus pertaining to the sea — Linnaeus described from a drawing in Seba (1734) who mistakenly believed the species lived on land and in the sea
OD Bufo marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 211

Bufo microscaphus Cope, 1867 Arizona Toad
Gr. mikros small and Gr. skaphis shovel — ref. tarsal spade
OD Bufo microscaphus Cope, "1866" 1867 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, Oct., p. 301

Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard, 1852 Red-spotted Toad
L. punctatus spotted — ref. spotted dorsal pattern
OD Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173

Bufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840 Oak Toad
L. quercus oak tree and L. -icus belonging to — ref. habitat
OD Bufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, p. 109, pl. 22

Bufo retiformis Sanders and Smith, 1951 Sonoran Green Toad
L. retis of a net and L. forma shape and L. -is pertaining to — ref. net-like dorsal pattern of black lines
OD Bufo retiformis Sanders and Smith, 1951 - Field and Laboratory, Vol. 19, p. 153, pl. 3, fig. 1

Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854 Texas Toad
L. speciosus showy, beautiful — misnomer, it's an ugly toad
OD Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 86

Bufo terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789) Southern Toad
L. terrestris pertaining to the earth — ref. burrowing habits
OD Bufo terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789) - Tabl. Encycl. Meth. Trois Reg. Nat., Erp., p. 8

Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 Gulf Coast Toad
L. vallis hollow and NL ceps head — ref. valley between cranial crests
OD Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 - Herpetologische Beitrage. Isis von Oken, Vol. 26, p. 657

Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 Woodhouse's Toad
NL honors Samuel W. Woodhouse
OD Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 86

Bufo woodhousii australis Shannon and Lowe, 1955 Southwestern Woodhouse's Toad
L. australis southern — ref. southern Arizona distribution
OD Bufo woodhousii australis Shannon and Lowe, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 185

Bufo woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders, 1951 East Texas Toad
L. velum a veil and L. -atus provided with —
OD Bufo woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders, 1951 - Wasmann Journ. Biol. Vol. 9, p. 366, figs. 1-4
Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 TROPICAL FROGS
Gr. eleutheros, free, unbound Gr. dactylos finger, toe — ref. no toe webbing

OD Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 620

Eleutherodactylus augusti (Duges, 1879) Barking Frog
NL honors Auguste H.A. Dumeril
OD Eleutherodactylus augusti (Duges, 1879) - in Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Ser. 7, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 21

Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum Taylor, 1939 Western Barking Frog
Gr. kaktos prickly plant and L. -orum of the — ref. type specimen collected in a cactus patch
OD Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum Taylor, "1938" 1939 - Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., Vol. 25, No. 17, p. 391

Eleutherodactylus augusti latrans (Cope, 1880) Eastern Barking Frog
L. latrans barking — ref. call of breeding males
OD Eleutherodactylus augusti latrans (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 25

Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides (Cope, 1877) Rio Grande Chirping Frog
Gr. kystis pouch, bladder and Gr. gnathos jaw L. -oides having a likeness to — poss. ref. to vocal sac of breeding males
OD Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 89

Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides campi (Stejneger, 1915) Rio Grande Chirping Frog
NL honors Robert Denham Camp
OD Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides campi Stejneger, 1915 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 28, p. 131

Eleutherodactylus guttilatus (Cope, 1879) Spotted Chirping Frog
L. gutta spotted and L. latus flank or side —
OD Eleutherodactylus guttilatus (Cope, 1879) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 18, p. 264

Eleutherodactylus marnockii Cope, 1878 Cliff Chirping Frog
NL honors Gabriel Wilson Marnoch
OD Eleutherodactylus marnockii Cope, 1878 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 12, p. 253
Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843 NARROWMOUTH TOADS
Gr. gastros belly and Gr. phryne toad — pres. ref. to pot belly
OD Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 33

Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook, 1836) Eastern Narrowmouth Toad
NL belonging to the state of South Carolina — ref. Charleston, SC
OD Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 83, pl. 11

Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1857) Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad
L. olivacea being olive green in color — ref. characteristic olivaceous dorsum
OD Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, "1856" 1857) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 252
Hyla Laurenti, 1768 TREEFROGS
Gr. honors Hylas companion of Hercules — ref. incessant cry
OD Hyla Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 32

Hyla andersonii Baird, 1854 Pine Barrens Treefrog
NL of Anderson, SC — misnomer, presumed found in SC, l854
OD Hyla andersonii Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60

Hyla arenicolor Cope, 1886 Canyon Treefrog
L. arena sand, sandy area and L. color color or tone — ref. dorsal coloration
OD Hyla arenicolor Cope, 1886 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 84

Hyla avivoca Viosca, 1928 Bird-voiced Treefrog
L. avis bird and L. voca call, cry — ref. call of male frog
OD Hyla avivoca Viosca, 1928 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 41, p. 89

Hyla cadaverina Cope, 1866 California Treefrog
L. cadaver a corpse and L. -ina having the appearance of — ref. pale corpse-like appearance in life
OD Hyla cadaverina Cope, 1866 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 84

Hyla chrysoscelis Cope, 1880 Cope's Gray Treefrog
Gr. chrysos gold and Gr. kelis spot or stain — ref. coloration inside of hind legs
OD Hyla chrysoscelis Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 29

Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1792) Green Treefrog
L. cinerea ash-colored — ref. color in preservative
OD Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1799) - Hist. Amph., Vol. 1, p. 174

Hyla eximia Baird, 1854 Mountain Treefrog
L. eximia uncommon, distinguished — ref. striking appearance
OD Hyla eximia Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 61

Hyla femoralis Bosc, in Daudin, 1800 Pine Woods Treefrog
L. femuralis pertaining to the hindleg — poss. ref. leg markings
OD Hyla femoralis Bosc, 1800 - in Daudin, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip., Vol. 1, p. 10

Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, 1856 Barking Treefrog
L. gratiosa favored or beloved —
OD Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 146, pl. 4

Hyla squirella Bosc, 1800 Squirrel Treefrog
Eng. squirrel and L. -ella diminutive "little" — poss. allusion to the chattering call
OD Hyla squirella Bosc, 1800 - in Daudin, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip., Vol. 1, p. 9

Hyla versicolor Le Conte, 1823 Gray Treefrog
L. versi changing, variable and L. color color — ref. ability to change color
OD Hyla versicolor Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 281
Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867 SHEEP FROGS
Gr. hypo under, beneath or lesser Gr. pachos thickness —
OD Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867 - Nachr. Ges. Wiss Gottingen, Vol. 18, p. 351

Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) Sheep Frog
NL variola full of small spots, like small pox — ref. pattern
OD Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 131
Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 TROPICAL FROGS
Gr. leptos fine, slender, thin and Gr. daktylos fingers, digits —
OD Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 - Neue Classif. der Rept., p. 38

Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877)[:x]
L. fragilis fragile or brittle —
OD Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877) - Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Ser. 7, Vol. 1, p. 182

Leptodactylus labialis (Cope, 1877) White-lipped Frog
L. labialis pertaining to the lips —
OD Leptodactylus labialis (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 90

Limnaoedus Mittleman and List, 1953 [:x]
Gr. limne marsh and Gr. aoidos singer — ref. marshy habitat and chorusing ability

OD Limnaoedus Mittleman and List, 1953 - Copeia, Vol. 2, p. 83
Osteopilus Fitzinger, 1843 WEST INDIAN TREEFROGS
Gr. osteon bone Gr. pileos cap — ref. co-ossified skin on top of head
OD Osteopilus Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept. p. 30

Osteopilus septentrionalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 Cuban Treefrog
L. septentrionalis northern — the describers thought preserved specimen came from Norway!
OD Osteopilus septentrionalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 538
Pseudacris Fitzinger, 1843 CHORUS FROGS
Gr. pseudes false, deceptive and Gr. akris locust — means "false Acris" with ref. to genus Acris
OD Pseudacris Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 31

Pseudacris brachyphona (Cope, 1889) Mountain Chorus Frog
Gr. brachys short and Gr. phone sound or voice — ref. short trill
OD Pseudacris brachyphona (Cope, 1889) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 34, p. 341

Pseudacris brimleyi Brandt and Walker, 1933 Brimley's Chorus Frog
NL honors Clement Samuel Brimley
OD Pseudacris brimleyi Brandt and Walker, 1933 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 272, p. 2

Pseudacris clarkii (Baird, 1854) Spotted Chorus Frog
NL honors John Henry Clark
OD Pseudacris clarkii (Baird, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60

Pseudacris crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Spring Peeper
L. crucis cross and L. -ifer bearer — ref. to crossed dorsal markings
OD Pseudacris crucifer (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 5, p. 275

Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana (Harper, 1939) Southern Spring Peeper
NL honors William Bartram
OD Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana (Harper, 1939) - Notulae Naturae, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, No. 27, p. 1

Pseudacris crucifer crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Northern Spring Peeper
L. crucis cross and L. -ifer bearer — ref. to crossed dorsal markings
OD Pseudacris crucifer (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 5, p. 275

Pseudacris feriarum (Baird, 1854) Upland Chorus Frog
L. feriarum holidays, leisure —
OD Pseudacris feriarum (Baird, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60

Pseudacris illinoensis Smith, 1951 Illinois Chorus Frog
NL belonging to the state of IL — type specimen collected in 1950 by a U of IL herpetology class
OD Pseudacris illinoensis Smith, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 191

Pseudacris kalmi Harper, 1955 New Jersey Chorus Frog
NL honors Pehr Kalm
OD Pseudacris feriarum kalmi Harper, 1955 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sciences], No. 150, p. 1

Pseudacris maculata (Agassiz, 1850) Boreal Chorus Frog
L. maculata spotted —
OD Pseudacris maculata (Agassiz, 1850) - Lake Superior, p. 378, pl. 6, figs. 1-3

Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Chorus Frog
NL nigrita blackened — "above black, speckled w/small white warts"
OD Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Pseudacris nigrita nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Chorus Frog
NL nigrita blackened — "above black, speckled w/small white warts"
OD Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa (Cope, 1877) Florida Chorus Frog
L. verrucosa full of warts — ref. skin texture
OD Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 87

Pseudacris ocularis (Bosc and Daudin, 1801) Little Grass Frog
L. ocularis of the eye — ref. ocular stripe
OD Pseudacris ocularis (Bosc and Daudin, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 187

Pseudacris ornata (Holbrook, 1836) Ornate Chorus Frog
L. ornata decorated or ornate — ref. ornate dorsal markings
OD Pseudacris ornata (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 97, pl. 16

Pseudacris regilla Baird and Girard, 1852 Pacific Treefrog
L. regilla regal, splendid — prob. ref. markings — formerly Hyla regilla
OD Hyla or Pseudacris regilla (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright, 1933 Strecker's Chorus Frog
NL honors John K. Strecker, Jr.
OD Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright, 1933 - Handbook of Frogs and Toads, p. 26, pl. 35

Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838) Western Chorus Frog
L. tri three and L. seriata lines or serrations — ref. dark lines on dorsum
OD Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 4, p. 249
Pternohyla Boulenger, 1882 BURROWING TREEFROGS
Gr. pterna heel and Gr. hyla genus Hyla — ref. spade-like inner metatarsal tubercles
OD Pternohyla Boulenger, 1882 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 10, p. 326

Pternohyla fodiens Boulenger, 1882 Lowland Burrowing Treefrog
L. fodiens digging — describer presumed spade-like inner metatarsal tubercles were adapted for digging
OD Pternohyla fodiens Boulenger, 1882 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 10, p. 326
Rana Linnaeus, 1758 TRUE FROGS
L. rana frog — "Rana" probably mimics how the Romans heard their call.
OD Rana Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 210

Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 Crawfish Frog
L. areolata marked with small spaces or — ref. light margined dorsal spots rings of color
OD Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173

Rana areolata areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 Southern Crawfish Frog
L. areolata marked with small spaces or — ref. light margined dorsal spots rings of color
OD Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173

Rana areolata circulosa Rice and Davies, 1878 Northern Crawfish Frog
L. circuli circles, rings and L. -osa full of — ref. light margined spots
OD Rana areolata circulosa Rice and Davis, 1878 - in Jordan, Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northeastern U.S., Ed. 2, p. 355

Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 Red-legged Frog
L. aurora dawn, red — ref. red color of underside of hind legs
OD Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Rana aurora aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 Northern Red-legged Frog
L. aurora dawn, red — ref. red color of underside of hind legs
OD Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Rana aurora draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852 California Red-legged Frog
NL honors Joseph Drayton
OD Rana aurora draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 Rio Grande Leopard Frog
NL honors Jean Louis Berlandier
OD Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 - Report U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, Vol. 2, Pt. 2, Rept., p. 27, pl. 36, figs. 7-10

Rana blairi Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown, 1973 Plains Leopard Frog
NL honors W. Frank Blair
OD Rana blairi Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown, 1973 - Occ. Pap. Texas Tech. Univ., Vol. 18, p. 3

Rana boylii Baird, 1854 Foothill Yellow-legged Frog
NL honors C.C. Boyle
OD Rana boylii Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 62

Rana capito Le Conte, 1855 Gopher Frog (nominate subspecies "Carolina Gopher Frog")
L. capito one that has a large head — ref. large head
OD Rana capito Le Conte, 1855 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 425, pl. 5

Rana capito aesopus Cope, 1886 Florida Gopher Frog
L. aesopus dwarf — poss. ref. hump back
OD Rana capito aesopus Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 517

Rana capito sevosa Goin and Netting, 1940 Dusky Gopher Frog
L. sevosa full of tallow or grease — ref. slimy or tallowy appearance
OD Rana capito sevosa Goin and Netting, 1940 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 28, p. 137, pl. 12, figs. 1 and 2

Rana cascadae Slater, 1939 Cascades Frog
NL of the Cascade Mountains, WA — "named from the region in which it was first found"
OD Rana cascadae Slater, 1939 - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 145

Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 Bullfrog
NL honors Mark Catesby
OD Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, Pt. 1, p. 106, pl. 33

Rana chiricahuensis Platz and Mecham, 1979 Chiricahua Leopard Frog
NL belongs to the Chiricahua Mountains, AZ — ref. type locality, 1971
OD Rana chiricahuensis Platz and Mecham, 1979 - Copeia, p. 383

Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 Green Frog
L. clamitans loud calling — ref. loud cry of this frog
OD Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 157

Rana clamitans clamitans Latreille, 1801 Bronze Frog
L. clamitans loud calling — ref. loud cry of this frog
OD Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 157

Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque, 1820) Green Frog
Gr. melaina black and Gr. nota mark — ref. dark spots
OD Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., p. 5

Rana grylio Stejneger, 1901 Pig Frog
Gr. grylos pig — "their voice...resembling the grunt of a herd of pigs..."
OD Rana grylio Stejneger, 1901 - Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 24, p. 212

Rana heckscheri Wright, 1924 River Frog
NL honors August Heckscher
OD Rana heckscheri Wright, 1924 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 37, p. 143, pl. 11 and 12, fig. 2

Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913 Columbia Spotted Frog
L. luteus golden-yellow and L. ventris of the belly — prob. ref. yellow tummy
OD Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913 - Proc. Biol. So. Wash., Vol. 26, p. 53, pl. 3, figs. 2-3 [tc]

Rana maslini Porter, 1969 Maslin's Wood Frog
NL honors T. Paul Maslin
OD Rana maslini Porter, 1969 - Herpetologica, Vol. 25, p. 213

Rana muscosa Camp, 1917 Mountain Yellow-legged Frog
L. muscosa mossy, full of moss — ref. dorsal lichen-like dark dorsal patches
OD Rana muscosa Camp, 1917 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 9, p. 118

Rana okaloosae Moler, 1985 Florida Bog Frog
NL.. of Okaloosa, Florida — prob. ref. type locality
OD Rana okaloosae Moler, 1985 - Copeia, p. 379

Rana onca Cope, 1875 Relict Leopard Frog
NL onca spotted cat — ref. to leopard spots as in Panthera onca
OD Rana onca Cope, 1875 - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 528

Rana palustris Le Conte, 1825 Pickerel Frog
L. palustris of the marsh — "...or marsh frog"
OD Rana palustris Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Rana pipiens Schreber, 1782 Northern Leopard Frog
L. pipiens peeping — collector heard Spring Peepers, collected this species thinking that the loud whistle came from the larger frog.
OD Rana pipiens Schreber, 1782 - Naturforscher, Vol. 18, p. 185, pl. 4

Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853 Oregon Spotted Frog
L. pretiosa to be prized or worth the effort — may refer to vivid adult coloration
OD Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 378

Rana septentrionalis Baird, 1854 Mink Frog
L. septentrionalis northern — ref. Canadian and northern U.S. distribution
OD Rana septentrionalis Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 61

Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886 Florida Leopard Frog
Gr. sphenos wedge and Gr. kephalos headed —
OD Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 517

Rana sphenocephala utricularia Harlan 1825 Southern Leopard Frog
L. utricularius bearing a little bag — ref. throat pouches in the male
OD Rana spenocephala utricularius Harlan, 1825 - Amer. Journal Sci. Arts, Vol. 10, p. 60

Rana subaquavocalis Platz, 1993 Ramsey Canyon Leopard Frog
L. sub- below and L. aqua water and L. vocalis calling from — ref. habit of males to call from underwater
OD Rana subaquavocalis Platz, 1993 [nc][tc]

Rana sylvatica Le Conte, 1825 Wood Frog
L. sylvatica amidst the trees — "...or wood frog"
OD Rana sylvatica Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Rana tarahumarae Boulenger, 1917 Tarahumara Frog
NL of the Sierra Tarahumare — type locality, Mexico, 1917
OD Rana tarahumarae Boulenger, 1917 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. 20, p. 416

Rana virgatipes Cope, 1891 Carpenter Frog
L. virgatus striped L. pes foot — ref. to striped markings on rear feet
OD Rana virgatipes Cope, 1891 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 25, p. 1017

Rana yavapaiensis Platz and Frost, 1984 Lowland Leopard Frog
NL.. belonging to the Yavapai Native American group — prob. ref. type locality
OD Rana yavapaiensis Platz and Frost, 1984 - Copeia, 940-948
Rhinophrynus Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1841 BURROWING TOAD
Gr. rhinos nose and Gr. phrynos toad — poss. ref. appearance
OD Rhinophrynus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 757

Rhinophrynus dorsalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 Mexican Burrowing Toad
L. dorsalis of the back — poss. ref. appearance
OD Rhinophrynus dorsalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 758
Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 SOUTHERN SPADEFOOTS
Gr. skaphis shovel or spade and Gr. pous foot — ref. shape and adaptation of hind foot for digging
OD Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 85

Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854 Couch's Spadefoot
NL honors Darius N. Couch
OD Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 62

Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835) Eastern Spadefoot
NL honors John E. Holbrook
OD Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835) - Medical and Physical Researches, p. 105

Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker, 1910 Hurter's Spadefoot
NL honors Julius Hurter, Sr.
OD Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker, 1910 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 23, p. 116
Smilisca Cope, 1865 MEXICAN TREEFROGS
Gr. smiliskos little knife — ref. sharp pointed frontoparietal processes
OD Smilisca Cope, 1865 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 17, p. 194

Smilisca baudinii (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) Mexican Treefrog
NL honors Nicholas Baudin
OD Smilisca baudinii (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 564
Spea Cope, 1866 WESTERN SPADEFOOTS
Gr. speos cave, cavern —
OD Spea Cope, 1866 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, 2nd Series, p. 81

Spea bombifrons (Cope, 1863) Plains Spadefoot
Gr. bombos buzzing and L. frons leaf or frond —
OD Spea bombifrons (Cope, 1863) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 53

Spea hammondii (Baird, 1859) Western Spadefoot
NL honors John F. Hammond
OD Spea hammondii (Baird, 1859) - Rep. Pacif. R.R. Survey, Vol. 10, Williamson's Route, Pt. 4, No. 4, p. 12, pl. 28, fig. 2 ["1857" 1859]

Spea intermontana (Cope, 1883) Great Basin Spadefoot
L. inter between and L. montis mountain and L. -anus belonging to — ref. to Great Basin locality
OD Spea intermontana (Cope, 1883) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 35, p. 15

Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) New Mexico Spadefoot
L. multi many and L. plicatus folded, braided
OD Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 52

Turtles


Apalone Rafinesque, 1832 SOFTSHELLS
Gr. apalos soft, tender — ref. soft shell
OD Apalone Rafinesque, 1832 - Atlantic J. Friend Knowledge Philadelphia, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 64

Apalone ferox (Schneider, 1783) Florida Softshell
L. ferox wild, savage — ref. to ferocious disposition attributed to the species
OD Apalone ferox (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 330

Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) Smooth Softshell
L. muticus curtailed, unarmed — ref. lack of tubercles on front edge of carapace
OD Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 263, pl. 7

Apalone mutica calvata (Webb, 1959) Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell
L. calvatus made bare or bald — ref. smooth front edge of upper shell
OD Apalone mutica calvata (Webb, 1959) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, No. 9, p. 519

Apalone mutica mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) Midland Smooth Softshell
L. muticus curtailed, unarmed — ref. lack of tubercles on front edge of carapace
OD Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 263, pl. 7

Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) Spiny Softshell
L. spina thorn or spine and L. -ifer bearing — ref. spine-like tubercules along front edge of upper shell
OD Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 258, pl. 6

Apalone spinifera aspera (Agassiz, 1857) Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell
L. asper rough, harsh — ref. occasional rounded prominences on upper shell of large females
OD Apalone spinifera aspera (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 405

Apalone spinifera emoryi (Agassiz, 1857) Texas Spiny Softshell
NL honors William H. Emory
OD Apalone spinifera emoryi (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 407; Vol. 2, pl. 6, figs. 4 and 5

Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (Webb, 1962) Guadalupe Spiny Softshell
NL belonging to the Guadalupe River, TX — type locality, McMullen County, TX, 1962
OD Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (Webb, 1962) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 517

Apalone spinifera hartwegi (Conant and Goin, 1941) Western Spiny Softshell
NL honors Norman E. Hartweg
OD Apalone spinifera hartwegi (Conant and Goin, 1948) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 510, p. 1, map 1, pl. 1 and 2

Apalone spinifera pallida (Webb, 1962) Pallid Spiny Softshell
L. pallidus pale — ref. to juvenile pattern
OD Apalone spinifera pallida (Webb, 1962) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 522

Apalone spinifera spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) Eastern Spiny Softshell
L. spina thorn or spine and L. -ifer bearing — ref. spine-like tubercules along front edge of upper shell
OD Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 258, pl. 6
Caretta Rafinesque, 1814 LOGGERHEADS
Sp. carey type of turtle and L.-etta little — poss. ref. smaller size than other sea turtles
OD Caretta Rafinesque, 1814 - Rafinesque, Specchio Sci., Palermo, Vol. 2, No. 9, Sept. 1, p. 66

Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) Loggerhead
Sp. carey type of turtle and L.-etta little — poss. ref. smaller size than other sea turtles
OD Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 197
Chelonia Brongniart, 1800 GREEN TURTLES
Gr. chelone tortoise —
OD Chelonia Brongniart, 1800 - Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, Vol. 2, p. 89

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) Green Turtle
Gr. mydos wetness, dampness — ref. aquatic habitat
OD Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 197

Chelonia mydas agassizii Bocourt, 1868 [:x]
NL honors Jean Louis R. Agassiz
OD Chelonia mydas agassizii Bocourt, 1868 - Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 5, Zool., Vol. 10, Pts. 1-3, p. 122
Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 SNAPPING TURTLES
Gr. chelys turtle and Gr. hydros water serpent — ref. aquatic nature of genus
OD Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 - Konigsberg. Arch. Natur. Math., Vol. 1, Pt. 3, p. 292

Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Snapping Turtle
L. serpentina snake-like — ref. snake-like neck
OD Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 199

Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger, 1918 Florida Snapping Turtle
NL Osceola, FL — honors "Seminole Osceola"
OD Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger, 1918 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 31, p. 89

Chelydra serpentina serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Snapping Turtle
L. serpentina snake-like — ref. snake-like neck
OD Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 199
Chrysemys Gray, 1844 PAINTED TURTLES
Gr. khrysos golden, yellow or lt. green and Gr. emys turtle — prob. ref. yellow stripes on head of all members of this genus
OD Chrysemys Gray, 1844 - Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 27

Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) Painted Turtle
L. picta painted, embroidered — prob. ref. delicate shell pattern
OD Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 348

Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray, 1831) Western Painted Turtle
NL honors Thomas Bell.
OD Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray, 1831) - Syn. Rept., p. 31

Chrysemys picta dorsalis Agassiz, 1857 Southern Painted Turtle
L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. dorsal stripe
OD Chrysemys picta dorsalis Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 440

Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz, 1857 Midland Painted Turtle
L. marginata bordered — -ref. marginal scute markings
OD Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 439; Vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 5, figs. 1-4

Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider, 1783) Eastern Painted Turtle
L. picta painted, embroidered — prob. ref. delicate shell pattern
OD Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 348
Clemmys Ritgen, 1828 POND TURTLES
Gr. klemmys turtle or tortoise —
OD Clemmys Ritgen, 1828 - Nova Acta Acad. Leopold.-Carol., Vol. 14, Pt. 1, p. 272

Clemmys guttata (Schneider, 1792) Spotted Turtle
L. guttata spotted, speckled — ref. random yellow spots on carapace
OD Clemmys guttata (Schneider, 1792) - Schr. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, Vol. 10, p. 264

Clemmys insculpta (Le Conte, 1830) Wood Turtle
L. insculpta carved, engraved — ref. sculpturing of carapacial scutes
OD Clemmys insculpta (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 112

Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) Western Pond Turtle
L. marmorata marbled — ref. marbled carapacial pattern
OD Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177

Clemmys marmorata marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) Northwestern Pond Turtle
L. marmorata marbled — ref. marbled carapace pattern
OD Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177

Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger, 1945 Southwestern Pond Turtle
L. pallida pale — ref. light background color of sides and ventral surface of neck
OD Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger, 1945 - Copeia, p. 158, figs. 4 and 5

Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepff, 1801) Bog Turtle
NL honors Gotthilf H. Muhlenberg
OD Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepf, 1801) - Hist. Testud., Pt. 6, p. 132, pl. 31
Deirochelys Agassiz, 1857 CHICKEN TURTLES
Gr. deire neck and Gr. chelys tortoise — poss. allusion to extra long neck
OD Deirochelys Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 441

Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1801) Chicken Turtle
L. reticulum a net and L. -aria like, or connected with — ref. to carapace pattern
OD Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1801) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 124

Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz, 1956 Florida Chicken Turtle
Gr. chrysea golden — ref. plastron color
OD Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chicago Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 41, p. 476

Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz, 1956 Western Chicken Turtle
Gr. miaria defiled, stained — -ref. to plastral pattern
OD Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chicago Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 41, p. 486

Deirochelys reticularia reticularia (Latreille, 1801) Eastern Chicken Turtle
L. reticulum a net and L. -aria like, or connected with — ref. to carapace pattern
OD Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1801) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 124
Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 LEATHERBACKS
Gr. derma skin and Gr. chelys turtle — ref. soft skin covering shell
OD Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 - Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, p. 111 bis [=119]

Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) Leatherback
L. corium leather and L. -acea having the nature or color of — ref. leathery carapace
OD Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) - "Epistola de Holothurio, et Testudine coriacea ad celeberrimum" Carolum Linnaeum Equitum Naturae Curiosum Dioscorcidem II. Conzatti, Patavii (Padova). 12 pp.
Emydoidea Gray, 1870 BLANDING'S TURTLE
Gr. emydos freshwater turtle and Gr. -eidos similarity to a — ref. confusing similarity to Emys
OD Emydoidea Gray, 1870 - Supp. Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., Pt. 1, p. 19

Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook, 1838) Blanding's Turtle
NL honors William Blanding
OD Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 35, pl. 5
Eretmochelys Fitzinger, 1843 HAWKSBILLS
Gr. eretmo oar and Gr. chelys turtle — ref. to forelimb shape
OD Eretmochelys Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 30

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) Hawksbill
L. imbricata overlapping — prob. ref. scute pattern
OD Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 350

Eretmochelys imbricata bissa (Ruppell, 1835) Pacific Hawksbill
L. bis double, twice and L. -sa suffix — ref. concept of bissa as second species of Caretta
OD Eretmochelys imbricata bissa (Ruppell, 1835) - Neue Wirbelthiere zu de Fauna Von Abyssinien Gehorig, Vol. 3 , Amph., p. 4, pl. 2

Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) Atlantic Hawksbill
L. imbricata overlapping — prob. ref. scute pattern
OD Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 350
Gopherus Rafinesque, 1832 GOPHER TORTOISES
Fr. gaufre small burrowing animal — poss. ref. burrowing habits
OD Gopherus Rafinesque, 1832 - Atlantic Journ., Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 64

Gopherus agassizii (Cooper, 1863) Desert Tortoise
NL honors Jean Louis R. Agassiz
OD Gopherus agassizii (Cooper, 1863) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 120

Gopherus berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857) Texas Tortoise
NL honors Jean Louis Berlandier
OD Gopherus berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 447; Vol. 2, pl. 3, figs. 17-19

Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin, 1802) Gopher Tortoise
Gr. refers to Polyphemus, a mythological cave-dwelling giant
OD Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin, 1802) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 256
Graptemys Agassiz, 1857 MAP TURTLES
Gr. graptos inscribed, written, engraved and Gr. emys turtle — poss. ref. markings on upper shell, which resemble topographic maps
OD Graptemys Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 436

Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand, 1942 Barbour's Map Turtle
NL honors Thomas Barbour
OD Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand, 1942 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 20, p. 98, pls. 14 and 15

Graptemys caglei Haynes and McKown, 1974 Cagle's Map Turtle
NL honors Fred Ray Cagle
OD Graptemys caglei Haynes and McKown, 1974 - Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot., Vol. 18, No. 4, p. 143

Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy, 1992 Escambia Map Turtle
NL honors Carl Ernst
OD Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy, 1992 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 61, pages 293-315 (293)

Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle, 1954 Yellow-blotched Map Turtle
L. flavus yellow or light green and L. maculata spotted — ref. to yellow blotches on scutes on upper shell.
OD Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle, 1954 - Tulane Stud. Zool., Vol. 1, No. 11, p. 167, fig. 2

Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur, 1817) Common Map Turtle
Gr. geo world and Gr. graph map and Gr. -ikos belongs to — markings on the upper shell resemble topographic maps.
OD Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur, 1817) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 86, pl. 5

Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy, 1992 NCN
NL honors J. Whitfield ("Whit") Gibbons
OD Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy, 1992 - Ann. Carnegie Museum 61:293-315.

Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle, 1954 Black-knobbed Map Turtle
L. nigra black and L. noda knob — ref. conspicuous, black, knob-like vertebral spines
OD Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle, 1954 - Tulane Stud. Zool., Vol. 1, No. 11, p. 173, fig. 1

Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts and Mount, 1969 Delta Map Turtle
L. delta triangle or mouth of river and L. -icola inhabitant of — type locality, Baldwin County, near Mobile Bay, 1968
OD Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts and Mount, 1969 - Copeia, p. 677

Graptemys nigrinoda nigrinoda Cagle, 1954 Black-knobbed Map Turtle
L. nigra black and L. noda knob — ref. conspicuous, black, knob-like vertebral spines
OD Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle, 1954 - Tulane Stud. Zool., Vol. 1, No. 11, p. 173, fig. 1

Graptemys oculifera (Baur, 1890) Ringed Map Turtle
L. oculus eye and L. -ifera bearing — ref. to circular "eye-shaped" markings on scutes of upper shell.
OD Graptemys oculifera (Baur, 1890) - Science, Ser. 1, Vol. 16, p. 262

Graptemys ouachitensis Cagle, 1953 Ouachita Map Turtle
NL belonging to the Ouachita Mountains, AR — type locality, 1950
OD Graptemys ouachitensis Cagle, 1953 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 546, p. 10

Graptemys ouchitensis ouachitensis Cagle, 1953 Ouachita Map Turtle
NL belonging to the Ouachita Mountains, AR — type locality, 1950
OD Graptemys ouachitensis Cagle, 1953 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 546, p. 10

Graptemys ouchitensis sabinensis Cagle, 1953 Sabine Map Turtle
NL sabine Sabine River, LA and L. -ensis belongs to the — type locality, 1950
OD Graptemys ouachitensis sabinensis Cagle, 1953 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 546, p. 2

Graptemys pseudogeographica (Gray, 1831) False Map Turtle
Gr. pseudo deceptive and Gr. geographica resembling a world map or sailing chart — indicates that this is not Graptemys geographica with which it was apparently confused
OD Graptemys pseudogeographica (Gray, 1831) - Syn. Rept., p. 31

Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii (Baur, 1893) Mississippi Map Turtle
NL honors Joseph Gustave Kohn
OD Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii (Baur, 1890) - Science, Ser. 1, Vol. 16, p. 263

Graptemys pulchra Baur, 1893 Alabama Map Turtle
L. pulchra beautiful —
OD Graptemys pulchra Baur, 1893 - Amer. Nat., Zool., Vol. 27, p. 675

Graptemys versa Stejneger, 1925 Texas Map Turtle
L. versa bent or twisted — ref. to head pattern
OD Graptemys versa Stejneger, 1925 - Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 15, No. 20, p. 463
Kinosternon Spix, 1824 MUD TURTLES
Gr. kineo move and Gr. sternon chest, breast — ref. their ability to move lower shell
OD Kinosternon Spix, 1824 - Testud. Brasil, p. 17

Kinosternon baurii (Garman, 1891) Striped Mud Turtle
NL honors George H. Baur
OD Kinosternon baurii (Garman, 1891) - Bull. Essex. Inst., Vol. 23, p. 141 (Note nomination of Baur, page 4 same journal)

Kinosternon flavescens (Agassiz, 1857) Yellow Mud Turtle
L. flavus yellow and L. -escens becoming ("-ish") — ref. yellow color on underside of jaw and throat
OD Kinosternon flavescens (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 430; Vol. 2, pl. 5, figs. 12-15

Kinosternon flavescens arizonense Gilmore, 1922 Southwestern Mud Turtle
NL belonging to the state of Arizona — described from two presumed fossils, Cochise Cty., AZ, 1921.
OD Kinosternon flavescens arizonense Gilmore, 1922 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 62, Art. 5, p. 2

Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith, 1951 Illinois Mud Turtle
NL honors Charles S. Spooner
OD Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, No. 10, p. 195

Kinosternon hirtipes (Wagler, 1830) Mexican Mud Turtle
L. hirtus rough and L. pes foot — ref. rough scales on feet
OD Kinosternon hirtipes (Wagler, 1833) - Nat. Syst. Amph., Vol. 3, Tab 30, p. 137, fig. 1-2 and 3

Kinosternon hirtipes murrayi Glass and Hartweg, 1951 Big Bend Mud Turtle
NL honors Leo Tilden Murray
OD Kinosternon hirtipes murrayi Glass and Hartweg, 1951 - Copeia, p. 50, fig. 1

Kinosternon sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854) Sonoran Mud Turtle
NL belonging to Sonora Province, Mexico — type locality, "Tucson in Sonora"
OD Kinosternon sonoriense Le Conte, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 184

Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Iverson, 1981 Sonoyta Mud Turtle
L. longi long, large and L. femuralis of the femoral scute — ref. long interfemoral seam
OD Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Iverson, 1981 - Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot., Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 43

Kinosternon subrubrum (Lacepede, 1788) Eastern Mud Turtle
L. sub below and L. rubrum red — ref. red-orange plastron of hatchlings
OD Kinosternon subrubrum (Lacepede, - Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., Vol. 1, p. 132 and p. 618

Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis Gray, 1855 Mississippi Mud Turtle
Gr. hippos horse and Gr. krepis shoe — ref. to pattern of head stripe
OD Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis Gray, "1855" 1856 - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Jan. 22, p. 198

Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri (Siebenrock, 1906) Florida Mud Turtle
NL honors Franz Steindachner
OD Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri (Siebenrock, 1906) - Zool. Anz., Vol. 30, Oct. 16, p. 727

Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum (Lacepede, 1788) Eastern Mud Turtle
L. sub below and L. rubrum red — ref. red-orange plastron of hatchlings
OD Kinosternon subrubrum (Lacepede, - Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., Vol. 1, p. 132 and p. 618
Lepidochelys Fitzinger, 1843 RIDLEYS
Gr. lepido scaled and Gr. chelys turtle —
OD Lepidochelys Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 30

Lepidochelys kempii (Garman, 1880) Atlantic Ridley
NL honors Richard M. Kemp
OD Lepidochelys kempii (Garman, 1880) - Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 6, p. 123

Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) Pacific Ridley
L. olive olive green and L. -acea having the nature or color of — prob. ref. color
OD Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 1, p. 2, pl. 3
Macrochelys Gray, 1855 ALLIGATOR SNAPPING TURTLES
Gr. macro large and Gr. chelys turtle — ref. large size; largest freshwater turtle in the world.
OD Macrochelys Gray, 1855 - Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., p. __ ? [nc][tc]

Macrochelys temminckii (Harlan, 1835) Alligator Snapping Turtle
NL honors Coenraad J. Temminck
OD Macrochelys temminckii (Harlan, 1835) - Medical and Physical Researches, p. 158, footnote

Macroclemys Gray, 1855 [:x]
Gr. macro large and Gr. clemmys tortoise — ref. large size
OD Macroclemys Gray, 1855 - Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., p. 48
Malaclemys Gray, 1844 DIAMONDBACK TERRAPINS
Gr. malakos soft and Gr. clemmys turtle — skin of this turtle is soft as compared to most other turtles
OD Malaclemys Gray, 1844 - Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 28

Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepff, 1793) Diamondback Terrapin
NL terrapin a turtle — derived from Native American word for turtle
OD Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepf, 1793) - Hist. Test. inconibvs illvstrata, Erlange, p. 64, pl. 15

Malaclemys terrapin centrata (Latreille, 1802) Carolina Diamondback Terrapin
L. centrata centered — ref. growth of annuli on each carapacial scute
OD Malaclemys terrapin centrata (Latreille, 1802) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 145

Malaclemys terrapin littoralis (Hay, 1904) Texas Diamondback Terrapin
L. littoralis of the waters edge, or sea shore — ref. habitat
OD Malaclemys terrapin littoralis (Hay, 1904) - Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 18, pls. 8, 9, 12, figs. 2 and 3

Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota (Hay, 1904) Ornate Diamondback Terrapin
Gr. makros large and Gr. spilotos spotted — ref. large yellow spot on each carapacial scute
OD Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota (Hay, 1904) - Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 16, pls. 6, 7, 11, text fig. 1

Malaclemys terrapin pileata (Wied, 1865) Mississippi Diamondback Terrapin
L. pileata capped — poss. ref. black dorsal head surface
OD Malaclemys terrapin pileata (Wied, 1865) - Nova Acta Acad. Leopold.-Carol., Vol. 32, p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 2 and 3

Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum Fowler, 1906 Mangrove Diamondback Terrapin
Gr. rhizophorarum-of the mangroves — ref. habitat (Rhizophora-genus of mangrove)
OD Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum Fowler, 1906 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 58, p. 112, pl. 4

Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz, 1955 Florida East Coast Terrapin
NL Tequesta Native American group — ref. range in Eastern FL
OD Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz, 1955 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 68, p. 158

Malaclemys terrapin terrapin (Schoepff, 1793) Northern Diamondback Terrapin
NL terrapin turtle — derived from Native American word for turtle
OD Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepf, 1793) - Hist. Test. inconibvs illvstrata, Erlange, p. 64, pl. 15
Pseudemys Gray, 1855 REDBELLY TURTLES and COOTERS
Gr. pseudes false, deceptive and Gr. emys turtle — ref. this not being Emys
OD Pseudemys Gray, "1855" 1856 - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Jan. 22, 1856, p. 197

Pseudemys alabamensis (Baur, 1893) Alabama Redbelly Turtle
NL belonging to the state of Alabama — ref. only state in which this turtle occurs
OD Pseudemys alabamensis Baur, 1893 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 31, p. 224

Pseudemys bangsi Babcock, 1937 [:x]
NL honors Outram Bangs
OD Pseudemys bangsi Babcock, 1937 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 293

Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte, 1830) Eastern River Cooter
L. concinna symmetrical, neatly arranged — ref. arrangement of markings on upper shell.
OD Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 106

Pseudemys concinna metteri Ward, 1984 - Missouri River Cooter NL honors Dean E. "Doc" Metter
OD Pseudemys concinna metteri Ward, 1984 - Spec. Publ. No 21, Museum Texas Tech Univ., p. 34

Pseudemys floridana (Le Conte, 1830) Florida Cooter
NL belonging to the state of Florida — only found on peninsula of FL
OD Pseudemys floridana (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 100

Pseudemys gorzugi Ward, 1984 Western River Cooter
NL honors George Zug
OD Pseudemys concinna gorzugi Ward, 1984 - Spec. Publ. Museum Texas Tech. Univ., Vol. 21, p. 29

Pseudemys hieroglyphica (Holbrook, 1836) [:x]
Gr. heiros sacred and Gr. glyphe a carving, as in ancient Egyptian heiroglyphic writing — ref. to the deeply incised scutes
OD Pseudemys concinna hieroglyphica (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 47, pl. 2

Pseudemys hoyi (Agassiz, 1857) [:x]
NL honors Philo Romayne Hoy
OD Pseudemys floridana hoyi (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 433

Pseudemys nelsoni Carr, 1938 Florida Redbelly Turtle
NL honors Edward W. Nelson
OD Pseudemys nelsoni Carr, 1938 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 307

Pseudemys peninsularis Carr, 1938 Peninsula Cooter
L. peninsularis of the peninsula — ref. range in peninsular FL
OD Pseudemys peninsularis Carr, 1938 - Copeia, p. 105

Pseudemys rubriventris (LeConte, 1830) Eastern Redbelly Turtle
L. rubra red and L. ventris of the belly — ref. color of lower shell of juvenile specimens
OD Pseudemys rubriventris (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 101

Pseudemys suwanniensis Carr, 1937 Suwanee River Cooter
NL honors Suwannee River — ref. habitat
OD Pseudemys suwanniensis Carr, 1937 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, Number 348, p. 4, pl. 1

Pseudemys texana Baur, 1893 Texas River Cooter
NL belonging to the state of Texas —
OD Pseudemys texana Baur, 1893 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 31, p. 223
Sternotherus Gray, 1825 MUSK TURTLES
Gr. sterno chest and Gr. thairos hinged — ref. hinged plastron
OD Sternotherus Gray, 1825 - Ann. Philos., N.S., Vol. 10, Sept. p. 211

Sternotherus carinatus (Gray, 1855) Razorback Musk Turtle
L. carinatus keeled (like a ship) — ref. sharply keeled carapace
OD Sternotherus carinatus (Gray, "1855" 1856) - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Jan. 22, 1856, p. 199

Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb, 1955 Flattened Musk Turtle
L. depressus pressed down or low — ref. dorsoventrally flattened carapace
OD Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb, 1955 - Tulane Stud. Zool. Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 53

Sternotherus minor (Agassiz, 1857) Loggerhead Musk Turtle
L. minor smaller or lesser — ref. smaller size than S. carinatus
OD Sternotherus minor (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 424

Sternotherus minor peltifer Smith and Glass, 1947 Stripeneck Musk Turtle
L. pelta half-moon shaped buckler or target and L. -ifer bearing — ref. small bridge scutes
OD Sternotherus minor peltifer Smith and Glass, 1947 - Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 37, No. 1, p. 22

Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille, 1802) Common Musk Turtle
L. odoratus to have a strong odor — ref. odor produced by musk glands
OD Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille, 1801) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 122
Terrapene Merrem, 1820 BOX TURTLES
NL terrapene derived from Native American word for turtle —
OD Terrapene Merrem, 1820 - Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 27

Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758) Eastern Box Turtle
NL Carolina — ref. area originally discovered
OD Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 198

Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor, 1894 Florida Box Turtle
NL honors George H. Baur
OD Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor, 1895 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, No. 1019, p. 576

Terrapene carolina major (Agassiz, 1857) Gulf Coast Box Turtle
L. major large, big — ref. large size
OD Terrapene carolina major (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 445

Terrapene carolina triunguis (Agassiz, 1857) Three-toed Box Turtle
L. tri three and L. unguis claws — ref. normal presence of three toes on hind feet
OD Terrapene carolina triunguis (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S., Vol. 1, p. 445

Terrapene ornata (Agassiz, 1857) Ornate Box Turtle
L. ornata embellished or fancy — ref. ornate radiated pattern on upper shell
OD Terrapene ornata (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 445

Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey, 1952 Desert Box Turtle
L. lutea yellow and L. -ola becoming ("-ish") — "may refer to the tendency of shells in aging adults of this subsp. to become overall yellowish or 'horn-colored' (with a concomitant loss of the radiated pattern), a characteristic not seen in the nominate race. Jim Stuart"
OD Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey, 1952 - Wasmann Journ. Biol., Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 45, pl. 1
Trachemys Agassiz, 1857 SLIDERS
Gr. trachys rough and Gr. emys turtle —
OD Trachemys Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S., Vol. 1, p. 434

Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg, 1939) Big Bend Slider
NL honors Helen Thompson Gaige
OD Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg, 1939) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 397, Jan. 12, p. 1

Trachemys scripta (Schoepff, 1792) Slider
L. scripta written, marked — prob. ref. shell pattern
OD Trachemys scripta (Schoepf, 1792) - Hist. Testud., Pts. 1-2, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 4 and 5

Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied, 1838) Red-eared Slider
L. elegans fine or elegant — ref. red stripe behind eye on each side of head
OD Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 4, p. 213

Trachemys scripta scripta (Schoepff, 1792) Yellowbelly Slider
L. scripta written, marked — prob. ref. shell pattern
OD Trachemys scripta (Schoepf, 1792) - Hist. Testud., Pts. 1-2, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 4 and 5

Trachemys scripta troostii (Holbrook, 1836) Cumberland Slider
NL honors Gerard Troost
OD Trachemys scripta troostii (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 55, pl. 4
Trionyx Geoffroy, 1809 [:x]
Gr. tri three and Gr. onyx claws
OD Trionyx Geoffroy, 1809 - Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 14, p. 3

Alligators and Crocodiles


Alligator Cuvier, 1807 ALLIGATORS
Sp. el lagarto the lizard — ref. lizard-like shape
OD Alligator Cuvier, 1807 - Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 10, p. 25

Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1803) American Alligator
NL belonging to the Mississippi River — ref. portion of known range of species
OD Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1803) - Daudin, Hist. Nat. Reptl., Vol. 2., 1803, p. 412
Crocodylus Laurenti, 1768 CROCODILES
Gr. krokodilos crocodile — crocodiles have been known since ancient times
OD Crocodylus Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 53

Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) American Crocodiles
L. acutus sharpened or pointed — ref. long tapered snout
OD Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) - Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 10, p. 55, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 2, fig. 5

Lizards


Anarbylus Murphy, 1974 [:x]
Gr. without shoes — ref. absence of transverse lamellae on ventral surface of digits
OD Anarbylus Murphy, 1974 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 40, No. 4, p. 87
Anniella Gray, 1852 LEGLESS LIZARDS
L. annela ringed and L. -ella little — ref. to little rings in pattern or possible honorific for someone named "Annie" or a coined name. See Farancia.
OD Anniella Gray, 1852 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 440

Anniella pulchra Gray, 1852 California Legless Lizard
L. pulchra beautiful — ref. silvery color
OD Anniella pulchra Gray, 1852 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 440

Anniella pulchra nigra Fischer, 1885 Black Legless Lizard
L. nigra black — ref. color
OD Anniella pulchra nigra Fischer, 1886 - Abh. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg, Vol. 9, Pt. 1, p. 9

Anniella pulchra pulchra Gray, 1852 Silvery Legless Lizard
L. pulchra beautiful — ref. silvery color
OD Anniella pulchra Gray, 1852 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 440
Anolis Daudin, 1803 ANOLES
West Indian anoli lizard — Native Antillean name
OD Anolis Daudin, 1803 - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 50

Anolis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832) Green Anole
NL belonging to the Carolinas — ref. area where originally discovered
OD Anolis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832) - in Cuvier's Thierreich, Vol. 2, p. 71

Anolis carolinensis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832) Northern Green Anole
NL belonging to the Carolinas — ref. area where originally discovered
OD Anolis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832) - in Cuvier's Thierreich, Vol. 2, p. 71

Anolis carolinensis seminolus Vance, 1991 Southern Green Anole
NL Seminole Native American group — poss. ref. range
OD Anolis carolinensis seminolus Vance, 1991 [nc][tc]
Callisaurus Blainville, 1835 ZEBRATAIL LIZARDS
Gr. kalos beautiful and Gr. saurus lizard — "we have given the name Callisaurus to indicate the extreme beauty of this little animal."
OD Callisaurus Blainville, 1835 - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 286

Callisaurus draconoides Blainville, 1835 Zebratail Lizard
Gr. draco dragon and Gr. -eidos similarity to a — "les especes de veritables dragons" (trans) the species of true dragons
OD Callisaurus draconoides Blainville, 1835 - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 286, pl. 24, fig. 2

Callisaurus draconoides myurus Richardson, 1915 Nevada Zebratail Lizard
Gr. mys mouse and Gr. oura tail — poss ref. ratio length of body to tail
OD Callisaurus draconoides myurus Richardson, 1915 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 48, p. 408

Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus Cope, 1896 Mojave Zebratail Lizard
Gr. rhodon rose, red color and Gr. stiktos dotted or dappled —
OD Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus Cope, 1896 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 30, p. 1049

Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (Hallowell, 1852) Arizona Zebratail Lizard
L. ventralis of the belly —
OD Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 179
Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830 WHIPTAILS AND RACERUNNERS
Gr. knemidos greaves and Gr. phoros wearing — ref. large scales on forelegs
[not Gr. nematos thread Gr. phoros wearing, a common error with ref. to whip-like tail]
OD Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830 - Nat. Syst. Amph., p. 154

Cnemidophorus arizonae Van Denburgh, 1896 Arizona Striped Whiptail
NL of the state of Arizona — 1st collected in Cochise Co., AZ, 1966
OD Cnemidophorus arizonae Van Denburgh, 1896 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 344

Cnemidophorus burti Taylor, 1938 Canyon Spotted Whiptail
NL honors Charles E. Burt
OD Cnemidophorus burti Taylor, 1938 - Sci. Bull. Univ. Kansas, Vol. 24, p. 485

Cnemidophorus burti stictogrammus Burger, 1950 Giant Spotted Whiptail
Gr. stiktos dotted, dappled and Gr. gramme mark, letter, writing — "ref. typical dorsal pattern of alternating longitudinal rows of light spots and light stripes."
OD Cnemidophorus burti stictogrammus Burger, 1950 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 65, p. 5

Cnemidophorus dixoni Scudday, 1973 Gray-checkered Whiptail
NL honors James R. Dixon
OD Cnemidophorus dixoni Scudday, 1973 - J. Herp., Vol. 7, No.4, p. 364

Cnemidophorus exsanguis Lowe, 1956 Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail
L. ex comparable to and L. sanguis (its) family — ref. distinctive difference from other whiptails with which it was formerly included
OD Cnemidophorus exsanguis Lowe, 1956 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 10, p. 138

Cnemidophorus flagellicaudus Lowe and Wright, 1964 Gila Spotted Whiptail
L. flagellum whip and NL caudus tailed — ref. long slender tail, typical of genus
OD Cnemidophorus flagellicaudus Lowe and Wright, 1964 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 3, p. 79

Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and Girard, 1852 Texas Spotted Whiptail
L. gularis of the throat — "most striking character...large and conspicuous scales on the margin of the subgutteral fold of the skin."
OD Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 128

Cnemidophorus gularis gularis Baird and Girard, 1852 Texas Spotted Whiptail
L. gularis of the throat "most striking character...large and conspicuous scales on the margin of the subgutteral fold of the skin."
OD Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 128

Cnemidophorus gypsi Wright and Lowe, 1993 Little White Whiptail
NL ref. of the gypsum "sands" of its White Sands, NM home
OD Cnemidophoruss gypsi Wright and Lowe, 1993 J. AZ-NV Acad. Sci. 27:129-157. [tc]

Cnemidophorus hyperythrus Cope, 1863 Orangethroat Whiptail
Gr. hyper above, beyond, over and Gr. erythros red —
OD Cnemidophorus hyperythrus Cope, 1863 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 103

Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi (Stejneger, 1894) Belding's Orangethroat Whiptail
NL honors Belding, Lyman
OD Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi Stejneger, 1894 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 17

Cnemidophorus inornatus Baird, 1859 Little Striped Whiptail
L. inornatus without ornament — ref. lack of spots between stripes
OD Cnemidophorus inornatus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255

Cnemidophorus inornatus heptagrammus Axtell, 1961 Trans-Pecos Striped Whiptail
Gr. hepta seven and Gr. gramme mark, letter, writing — ref. number of dorsal lines
OD Cnemidophorus inornatus heptagrammus Axtell, 1961 - Copeia, p. 153

Cnemidophorus inornatus juniperus Wright and Lowe, 1993 Woodland Striped Whiptail [:x]
NL pres. ref. juniper or cedar (Juniperus spp.) woodlands where it lives
OD Cnemidophorus inornatus juniperus Wright and Lowe, 1993 J. AZ-NV Acad. Sci. 27:129-157

Cnemidophorus laredoensis McKinney, Kay and Anderson, 1973 Laredo Striped Whiptail
NL belonging to Laredo, Texas — ref. region of discovery
OD Cnemidophorus laredoensis McKinney, Kay and Anderson, 1973 - Herpetologica, Vol. 29, p. 361

Cnemidophorus inornatus llanuras Wright and Lowe, 1993 Plains Striped Whiptail [:x]
NL pres. derived from Spanish "llano" meaning plain or flat land
OD Cnemidophorus inornatus llanuras Wright and Lowe, 1993 J. AZ-NV Acad. Sci. 27:129-157

Cnemidophorus neotesselatus Walker, Cordes and Taylor, 1997 Southeastern Colorado Whiptail
L. neo new and tesselatus tiled or checkered — prob. ref. Cnemidophorus tesselatus
OD Cnemidophorus neotesselatus Walker, Cordes and Taylor, 1997 [nc][tc]

Cnemidophorus marmoratus Baird and Girard, 1852 Marbled Whiptail
L. marmoratus marbled — ref. to marbled adult pattern
OD Cnemidophorus marmoratus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 128

Cnemidophorus marmoratus reticuloriens Vance, 1978 *NCN*
*TRANS*
OD Cnemidophorus marmoratus reticuloriens Vance, 1978 - Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc., Vol. 14, No. 1, p. 3 [tc]

Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Lowe and Zweifel, 1952 New Mexico Whiptail
NL belonging to the state of New Mexico — type locality, Socorro Cty., NM, 1947
OD Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Lowe and Zweifel, 1952 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 230

Cnemidophorus pai Wright and Lowe, 1993 Pai Striped Whiptail
NL pres. ref. Pai Native American group, or locality name of northwestern AZ
OD Cnemidophorus pai Wright and Lowe, 1993 J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 27:129-157

Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Cope, 1892 Plateau Spotted Whiptail
L. septem seven and L. vittatus banded, striped — ref. dorsal stripes
OD Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Cope, "1892" 1893 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 40, pl. 9, fig. 8

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Six-lined Racerunner
L. sex six and L. lineatus lined — ref. six longitudinal stripes on dorsum
OD Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 364

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus stephensae Trauth, 1992 Texas Yellowhead Racerunner
NL honors Hazel J. Stephens
OD Cnemidophorus sexlineatus stephensae Trauth, 1992 - Texas J. Sci., Vol. 44, pages 437-443 (438). Subspecific changed from stephensi to stephensae - Trauth, 1995 - Bull. Chicago. Herp. Soc., Vol. 30, No. 4, page 68

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus viridis Lowe, 1966 Prairie Racerunner
L. viridis green — ref. green coloration on upper body
OD Cnemidophorus sexlineatus viridis Lowe, 1966 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 44

Cnemidophorus sonorae Lowe and Wright, 1964 Sonoran Spotted Whiptail
NL of the Sonoran Desert — ref. region of occurrence
OD Cnemidophorus sonorae Lowe and Wright, 1964 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 3, p. 80

Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Say, 1823) Colorado Checkered Whiptail
L. tesselatus checkered, tiled — ref. mosaic appearance of the adult color pattern
OD Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 2, p. 50

Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Whiptail
L. tigris of a tiger — ref. dorsal pattern
OD Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis Baird and Girard, 1852 [:x]
L. gracilis slender, simple
OD Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 128

Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus Cope, 1892 Coastal Whiptail
L. multi many and L. scutatus scaled — ref. number of scales
OD Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus Cope, "1892" 1893 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 38

Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp, 1916 California Whiptail
L. mundus neat, sharp or elegant —
OD Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp, 1916 - Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 17, p. 71

Cnemidophorus tigris punctilinealis Dickerson, 1919 Southern Whiptail
L. punctus puncture or point and L. linealis along the lines —
OD Cnemidophorus tigris punctilinealis Dickerson, 1919 - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 41, pages 461-477 (475). [tc]

Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis Burger, 1950 Northern Whiptail
L. septentrionalis northern — ref. geographic distribution
OD Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis Burger, 1950 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 65, p. 8

Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Baird and Girard, 1852 Great Basin Whiptail
L. tigris of a tiger — Stebbins, 1966: ref. dorsal pattern
OD Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Cnemidophorus uniparens Wright and Lowe, 1965 Desert Grassland Whiptail
L. uni one and L. parens parent or ancestor — ref. unisexual reproductive habit of this species
OD Cnemidophorus uniparens Wright and Lowe, 1965 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 3, p. 167

Cnemidophorus velox Springer, 1928 Plateau Striped Whiptail
L. velox speedy or swift — ref. to running speed, typical entire genus
OD Cnemidophorus velox Springer, 1928 - Copeia, p. 101

Cnemidophorus xanthonotus Duellman and Lowe, 1953
Gr. xanthos orange or yellow and Gr. notos back — ref. color pattern
OD Cnemidophorus xanthonotus Duellman and Lowe, 1953 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 120, p. 2
Coleonyx Gray, 1845 BANDED GECKOS
Gr. koleos sheath and Gr. onyx nail, talon or claw — ref. sheathed claws
OD Coleonyx Gray, 1845 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 1, Vol. 16, p. 162

Coleonyx brevis Stejneger, 1893 Texas Banded Gecko
L. brevis short — ref. short snout of this species
OD Coleonyx brevis Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 163

Coleonyx reticulatus Davis and Dixon, 1958 Reticulated Gecko
L. reticulatus netted — ref. dorsal color pattern similar to a net
OD Coleonyx reticulatus Davis and Dixon, 1958 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 71, p. 151

Coleonyx switaki (Murphy, 1974) Barefoot Gecko (nominate subspecies "Peninsular Barefoot Gecko")
NL honors Karl H. Switak
OD Coleonyx switaki (Murphy, 1974) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 40, No. 4, p. 87

Coleonyx variegatus (Baird, 1859) Western Banded Gecko
L. variegatus of different colors — ref. contrasting elements of color pattern
OD Coleonyx variegatus (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 254

Coleonyx variegatus abbotti Klauber, 1945 San Diego Banded Gecko
NL honors Clinton G. Abbott
OD Coleonyx variegatus abbotti Klauber, 1945 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 154

Coleonyx variegatus bogerti Klauber, 1945 Tucson Banded Gecko
NL honors Charles M. Bogert
OD Coleonyx variegatus bogerti Klauber, 1945 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 176

Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Klauber, 1945 Utah Banded Gecko
NL belonging to the state of Utah — type specimen Watercress Spring, Washington Cty., UT, 1941
OD Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Klauber, 1945 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 171

Coleonyx variegatus variegatus (Baird, 1859) Desert Banded Gecko
L. variegatus of different colors — ref. contrasting elements of color pattern
OD Coleonyx variegatus (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 254
Cophosaurus Troschel, 1850 (issued 1852) GREATER EARLESS LIZARDS
Gr. kophos deaf and dumb and Gr. saurus lizard — ref. lack of external ears
OD Cophosaurus Troschel, "1850" 1852 - Arch. Naturg., Vol. 16, Band 1, p. 389, pl. 6

Cophosaurus texanus Troschel, 1850 (issued 1852) Greater Earless Lizard
NL belonging to the state of Texas — prob. ref. type locality
OD Cophosaurus texanus Troschel, "1850" 1852 - Arch. Naturg., Vol. 16, Band 1, p. 389, pl. 6

Cophosaurus texanus scitulus (Peters, 1951) Southwestern Earless Lizard
L. scitulus neat, beautiful —
OD Cophosaurus texanus scitulus (Peters, 1951) - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 537, p. 8, map 1

Cophosaurus texanus texanus Troschel, 1850 (issued 1852) Texas Earless Lizard
NL belonging to the state of Texas — prob. ref. type locality
OD Cophosaurus texanus Troschel, "1850" 1852 - Arch. Naturg., Vol. 16, Band 1, p. 389, pl. 6
Crotaphytus Holbrook, 1842 COLLARED LIZARDS
Gr. krotaphos side or temple of the head — ref. presence of small polygonal plates on the whole surface of the head."
OD Crotaphytus Holbrook, 1842 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 2, p. 79

Crotaphytus bicinctores Smith and Tanner, 1972 Mojave Black-collared Lizard
L. bi two and L. cinctus banded or girdled — ref. presence of two black bands on neck and shoulder region
OD Crotaphytus bicinctores Smith and Tanner, 1972 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 32, p. 27

Crotaphytus collaris (Say, 1823) Eastern Collared Lizard
L. collaris collared — Baird and Girard, 1853: "allusion to the very striking feature of bearing a double black sub-crescentic band on the sides of the neck."
OD Crotaphytus collaris (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 2, p. 252

Crotaphytus collaris auriceps Fitch and Tanner, 1951 [:x]
L. auri of gold and NL ceps head — subspecies characterized by having a very yellow head
OD Crotaphytus collaris auriceps Fitch and Tanner, 1951 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 54, p. 553, figs. 1-2

Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Stejneger, 1890 [:x]
NL honors Vernon O. Bailey
OD Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Stejneger, 1890 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, p. 103, pl. 12, fig. 1

Crotaphytus collaris fuscus Ingram and Tanner, 1971 [:x]
L. fuscus brown, dark, swarthy — ref. brown dorsum
OD Crotaphytus collaris fuscus Ingram and Tanner, 1971 - Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Vol. 13, (2), p. 23

Crotaphytus insularis Van Denburgh and Slevin, 1921 [:x]
L. insularis of an island — type locality, Angel de la Guarda Island, Gulf of CA
OD Crotaphytus insularis Van Denburgh and Slevin, 1921 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 11, p. 96

Crotaphytus nebrius Axtell and Montanucci, 1977 Sonoran Collared Lizard
Gr. nebrios dappled like a fawn — "distinctive large white dorsal spotting"
OD Crotaphytus collaris nebrius Axtell and Montanucci, 1977 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 201, p. 1

Crotaphytus reticulatus Baird, 1858 Reticulate Collared Lizard
L. reticulatus bearing a net — ref. narrow white lines forming an open net-like pattern
OD Crotaphytus reticulatus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253

Crotaphytus vestigium Smith and Tanner, 1972 Baja Back-collared Lizard
L. vestigium footstep or trace —
OD Crotaphytus vestigium Smith and Tanner, 1972 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 32, p. 29
Dipsosaurus Hallowell, 1854 DESERT IGUANAS
Gr. dipsos thirst and Gr. saurus lizard — ref. to dry region they inhabit
OD Dipsosaurus Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 92

Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852) Desert Iguana
L. dorsalis of the side —
OD Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126

Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852) Desert Iguana
L. dorsalis of the side —
OD Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126
Elgaria Gray, 1838 WESTERN ALLIGATOR LIZARDS
obscure — possibly named for an "Elgar" or a pun on "alligator." See Farancia
OD Elgaria Gray, 1838 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1, p. 390

Elgaria coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828) Northern Alligator Lizard
L. coerulea dark colored, dark blue — ref. dorsal color type specimen
OD Elgaria coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828) - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 380

Elgaria coerulea coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828) San Francisco Alligator Lizard
L. coerulea dark colored, dark blue — ref. dorsal color type specimen
OD Elgaria coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828) - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 380

Elgaria coerulea palmeri (Stejneger, 1893) Sierra Alligator Lizard
NL honors Theodore S. Palmer
OD Elgaria coerulea palmeri (Stejneger, 1893) - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 196

Elgaria coerulea principis Baird and Girard, 1852 Northern Alligator Lizard
L. principis first, leader or chief —
OD Elgaria coerulea principis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 175

Elgaria coerulea shastensis (Fitch, 1934) Shasta Alligator Lizard
NL belonging to the Shasta Mountains — -type locality, Shasta County, CA 1932
OD Elgaria coerulea shastensis (Fitch, 1934) - Copeia, p. 6

Elgaria kingii Gray, 1838 Madrean Alligator Lizard
NL honors one of two men named King
OD Elgaria kingii Gray, 1838 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 1, Vol. 1, p. 390

Elgaria kingii nobilis Baird and Girard, 1852 Arizona Alligator Lizard
L. nobilis known, famous, notorius — poss ref. pattern
OD Elgaria kingii nobilis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 129

Elgaria multicarinata (Blainville, 1835) California Alligator Lizard
L. multi many L. carinata keeled — ref. keeled scales
OD Elgaria multicarinata (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 298, pl. 25, fig. 2

Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata (Blainville, 1835) California Alligator Lizard
L. multi many L. carinata keeled — ref. keeled scales
OD Elgaria multicarinata (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 298, pl. 25, fig. 2

Elgaria multicarinata scincicauda (Skilton, 1849) Oregon Alligator Lizard
L. scinci lizard (skink) L. cauda tail — ref. long tail
OD Elgaria multicarinata scincicauda (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. at p. 312, figs. 1-3

Elgaria multicarinata webbii (Baird, 1858) San Diego Alligator Lizard
NL honors Thomas H. Webb
OD Elgaria multicarinata webbii (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255

Elgaria panamintina (Stebbins, 1958) Panamint Alligator Lizard
NL Panamint Mountains, CA — located in east central CA
OD Elgaria panamintina (Stebbins, 1958) - Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 1883, p. 2
Eumeces Wiegmann, 1834 SKINKS
Gr. eu- good or nice and Gr. mekos length or height —
OD Eumeces Wiegmann, 1834 - Herp. Mex., p. 36

Eumeces anthracinus (Baird, 1849) Coal Skink
Gr. anthrakos coal, carbon and L. -inus pertaining to — ref. dark dorsolateral color
OD Eumeces anthracinus (Baird, 1849) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 294

Eumeces anthracinus anthracinus (Baird, 1849) Northern Coal Skink
Gr. anthrakos coal, carbon and L. -inus belonging to — ref. dark dorsolateral color
OD Eumeces anthracinus (Baird, 1849) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 294

Eumeces anthracinus pluvialis Cope, 1880 Southern Coal Skink
L. pluvialis pertaining to rain —
OD Eumeces anthracinus pluvialis Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 19

Eumeces callicephalus Bocourt, 1879 Mountain Skink
Gr. kalos beautiful and Gr. kephale head — prob. ref. appearance
OD Eumeces callicephalus Bocourt, 1879 - Miss. Sci. Mex., Vol. 3, Pt. 6, p. 431, pl. 22 D, fig. 2, pl. 22 E, fig. 2

Eumeces egregius (Baird, 1858) Mole Skink
L. egregius exceptional, uncommon — poss. ref. to particular uniqueness of this form among lizards w/which Baird was acquainted
OD Eumeces egregius (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 256

Eumeces egregius egregius (Baird, 1858) Florida Keys Mole Skink
L. egregius exceptional, uncommon — poss. ref. to particular uniqueness of this form among lizards w/which Baird was acquainted
OD Eumeces egregius (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 256

Eumeces egregius insularis Mount, 1965 Cedar Key Mole Skink
L. insularis of an island — alludes to island habitat
OD Eumeces egregius insularis Mount, 1965 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 9, p. 210

Eumeces egregius lividus Mount, 1965 Bluetail Mole Skink
L. lividus blue or leaden color — ref. blue tail
OD Eumeces egregius lividus Mount, 1965 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 9, p. 209

Eumeces egregius onocrepis (Cope, 1871) Peninsula Mole Skink
L. ono ass/donkey and L. crepis shoe — ref. horseshoe shaped head pattern
OD Eumeces egregius onocrepis (Cope, 1871) - Appendix to Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. Salem. 1869-70, Jan. 15. 1871, p. 82

Eumeces egregius similis McConkey, 1957 Northern Mole Skink
L. similis like or similar to — ref. similarity to the nominate subspecies
OD Eumeces egregius similis McConkey, 1957 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 17

Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Five-lined Skink
L. fasciatus banded, bearing stripes — ref. dorsal stripes, females and young males "resemble bundled staves"
OD Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 209

Eumeces gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896 Gilbert's Skink
NL honors Charles H. Gilbert
OD Eumeces gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 350

Eumeces gilberti arizonensis Lowe and Shannon, 1954 Arizona Skink
NL belonging to the state of Arizona — type collected Maricopa Cty., AZ, 1953
OD Eumeces gilberti arizonensis Lowe and Shannon, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 185

Eumeces gilberti cancellosus Rodgers and Fitch, 1947 Variegated Skink
L. cancelli grating or lattice and L. -osus bearing or having — descriptive of latticed pattern of dark markings; cancelled - like postage stamps
OD Eumeces gilberti cancellosus Rodgers and Fitch, 1947 - Univ. California. Publ. Zool., Vol. 48, p. 200, pl. 9

Eumeces gilberti gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896 Greater Brown Skink
NL honors Charles H. Gilbert
OD Eumeces gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 350

Eumeces gilberti placerensis Rodgers, 1944 Northern Brown Skink
NL belonging to Placer County, CA — ref. area of distribution
OD Eumeces gilberti placerensis Rodgers, 1944 - Copeia, p. 101, figs. 1-2

Eumeces gilberti rubricaudatus Taylor, 1935 Western Redtail Skink
L. rubra red, ruddy L. caudatus bearing a tail —
OD Eumeces gilberti rubricaudatus Taylor, 1936 - Sci. Bull. Univ. Kansas, Vol. 23, p. 446, figs. 72-73, pl. 39 [tc - diff years]

Eumeces inexpectatus Taylor, 1932 Southeastern Five-lined Skink
L. inexpectatus unexpected — poss. ref. unexpected discovery of this species, sympatric with E. fasciatus and E. laticeps
OD Eumeces inexpectatus Taylor, 1932 - Sci. Bull. Univ. Kansas, Vol. 20, No. 13, p. 251

Eumeces laticeps (Schneider, 1801) Broadhead Skink
L. latus broad and NL ceps head — ref. enlarged head of males
OD Eumeces laticeps (Schneider, 1801) - Hist. Amph., Vol. 2, p. 189

Eumeces multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857) Many-lined Skink
L. multi many and L. virgatus striped — ref. multiplicity of longitudinal stripes
OD Eumeces multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 9, p. 215

Eumeces multivirgatus gaigeae Taylor, 1935 Variable Skink
NL honors Helen Thompson Gaige
OD Eumeces multivirgatus gaigeae Taylor, 1935 (orig. spelling "gaigei") - Sci. Bull. Univ. Kansas, Vol. 22, No. 11, p. 219

Eumeces multivirgatus multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857) Northern Many-lined Skink
L. multi many and L. virgatus striped — ref. multiplicity of longitudinal stripes
OD Eumeces multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 9, p. 215

Eumeces obsoletus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Great Plains Skink
L. obsoletus worn out or shabby — ref. absence of dorsal lines, otherwise characteristic of N. American skinks
OD Eumeces obsoletus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 129

Eumeces obtusirostris Bocourt, 1879 Southern Prairie Skink
L. obtusus blunt or dull and L. rostris of the beak or snout —
OD Eumeces obtusirostris Bocourt, 1879 - Miss. Sci. Mex., Vol. 3, Pt. 6, p. 423, pl. 22 D, figs. 1 A, 1 B

Eumeces septentrionalis (Baird, 1858) Northern Prairie Skink
L. septentrionalis northern — ref. distribution in US
OD Eumeces septentrionalis (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 256

Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Western Skink
NL honors Avery J. Skilton
OD Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Eumeces skiltonianus interparietalis Tanner, 1957 Coronado Island Skink
L. inter between and L. parietalis pertaining to walls —
OD Eumeces skiltonianus interparietalis Tanner, "1957" 1958 - Great Basin Naturalist, Vol. 17, p. 73

Eumeces skiltonianus skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Western Skink
NL honors Avery J. Skilton
OD Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Eumeces skiltonianus utahensis Tanner, 1957 Great Basin Skink
NL belonging to the state of Utah — prob. ref. type loc.
OD Eumeces skiltonianus utahensis Tanner, "1957" 1958 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 17, p. 67

Eumeces tetragrammus (Baird, 1858) Four-lined Skink
Gr. tetra four and Gr. gramme lines — ref. two yellow side stripes set off by rows of darker scales
OD Eumeces tetragrammus (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 256

Eumeces tetragrammus brevilineatus Cope, 1880 Short-lined Skink
L. brevis short and L. lineatus lined — ref. short lines on sides of head and body fading posteriorly
OD Eumeces tetragrammus brevilineatus Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 18
Gambelia Baird, 1859 LEOPARD LIZARDS
NL honors William Gambel
OD Gambelia Baird, 1859 - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Pt. 2, p. 7

Gambelia copeii (Yarrow, 1882) Cope's Leopard Lizard
NL honors honors Edward Drinker Cope
OD Gambelia copeii (Yarrow, 1882) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 5, p. 441

Gambelia sila (Stejneger, 1893) Bluntnose Leopard Lizard
L. silus snub nosed — ref. blunt nose of species
OD Gambelia sila (Stejneger, 1890) - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, p. 105

Gambelia wislizenii (Baird and Girard, 1852) Longnose Leopard Lizard
NL honors F.A Wislizenius
OD Gambelia wislizenii (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 67, p. 69

Gambelia wislizenii maculosus (Tanner and Banta, 1977) [:x]
L. maculosus full of spots — ref. enlarged dorsal spots
OD Gambelia wislizenii maculosus (Tanner and Banta, 1977) - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 37, p. 230

Gambelia wislizenii punctatus (Tanner and Banta, 1963) [:x]
L. punctatus spotted — ref. dorsal pattern
OD Gambelia wislizenii punctatus (Tanner and Banta, 1963) - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 23, p. 138
Gerrhonotus Wiegmann, 1828 EASTERN ALLIGATOR LIZARDS
Gr. gerrhon made of wicker and Gr. notos back — prob. ref. appearance of back
OD Gerrhonotus Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 379

Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann, 1828 [:x]
Gr. leio smooth and Gr. kephale head and L. -lus little —
OD Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 381

Gerrhonotus infernalis Baird, 1858 Texas Alligator Lizard
L. infernalis of the underworld — ref. type locality, Devil's River, TX
OD Gerrhonotus infernalis Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255
Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829 GILA MONSTER
Gr. helos a nail or stud and Gr. derma skin — ref. rough texture of skin of this genus
OD Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 22, p. 624

Heloderma suspectum Cope, 1869 Gila Monster
L. suspectum mistrusted or suspected — ref. venomous nature which was suspected but not proven at time of naming
OD Heloderma suspectum Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 5

Heloderma suspectum cinctum Bogert and Martin del Campo, 1956 Banded Gila Monster
L. cinctum belted — ref. broad double crossband
OD Heloderma suspectum cinctum Bogert and Martin del Campo, 1956 - Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., Vol. 109, Art. 1, p. 46

Heloderma suspectum suspectum Cope, 1869 Reticulate Gila Monster
L. suspectum mistrusted or suspected — ref. venomous nature which was suspected but not proven at time of naming
OD Heloderma suspectum Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 5
Holbrookia Girard, 1851 EARLESS LIZARDS
NL honors John Edward Holbrook
OD Holbrookia Girard, 1851 - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., New Haven, Vol. 4, p. 200

Holbrookia elegans Bocourt, 1874 Canyon Earless Lizard L. elegans fine or elegant —
OD Holbrookia elegans Bocourt, 1874 [nc][tc]

Holbrookia lacerata Cope, 1880 Spot-tailed Earless Lizard
L. lacerata torn or mangled — pres. ref. conspicuous serrations on rear edges of dorsal blotches
OD Holbrookia lacerata Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 15

Holbrookia lacerata lacerata Cope, 1880 Plateau Earless Lizard
L. lacerata torn or mangled — pres. ref. conspicuous serrations on rear edges of dorsal blotches
OD Holbrookia lacerata Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 15

Holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis Axtell, 1956 Southern Earless Lizard
L. sub below and L. cauda tail and L. -alis of the — ref. distinctive subcaudal dark spots on the lower surface of the tail
OD Holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis Axtell, 1956 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 10, p. 174

Holbrookia maculata Girard, 1852 Lesser Earless Lizard
L. maculata spotted — ref. spotted pattern
OD Holbrookia maculata Girard, 1851 - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., New Haven, Vol. 4, p. 201

Holbrookia maculata approximans Baird, 1858 Speckled Earless Lizard
L. a- away from and L. proxime closeness or resemblance — ref. being distant from the next subspecies
OD Holbrookia maculata approximans Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253

Holbrookia maculata bunkeri Smith, 1935
NL honors C.D. Bunker Bunker
OD Holbrookia maculata bunkeri Smith, 1935 [nc][tc] Possibly: Distributional Records of Reptiles and Amphibians in Oklahoma Hobart M. Smith, Arthur B. Leonard. American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Mar., 1934), pp. 190-196 doi:10.2307/2420247

Holbrookia maculata campi Schmidt, 1921 Speckled Earless Lizard
NL honors Camp, _____ *BIO
OD Holbrookia maculata campi Schmidt, 1921. Am. Mus. Nov. (22)

Holbrookia maculata maculata Girard, 1852 Northern Earless Lizard
L. maculata spotted — ref. spotted pattern
OD Holbrookia maculata Girard, 1851 - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., New Haven, Vol. 4, p. 201

Holbrookia maculata perspicua Axtell, 1956 Eastern Earless Lizard
L. perspicua clear, unmarked — ref. unmarked under side of tail
OD Holbrookia maculata perspicua Axtell, 1956 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 10, p. 166

Holbrookia maculata pulchra Schmidt, 1921 Huachuca Earless Lizard
L. pulchra beautiful —
OD Holbrookia maculata pulchra Schmidt, 1921 - Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 22, p. 1

Holbrookia maculata ruthveni Smith, 1943 Bleached Earless Lizard
NL honors Alexander G. Ruthven
OD Holbrookia maculata ruthveni Smith, 1943 - Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. 24, p. 342

Holbrookia maculata thermophila Barbour, 1921 Western Earless Lizard
Gr. thermo pertains to heat and Gr. philos loving of fond of — ref. fondness for basking in sunlight
OD Holbrookia maculata thermophila Barbour, 1921 - Proc. New England Zool. Club., Vol. 7, p. 79

Holbrookia propinqua Baird and Girard, 1852 Keeled Earless Lizard
L. propinqua near — implies taxonomic similarity to H. maculata
OD Holbrookia propinqua Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126

Holbrookia propinqua propinqua Baird and Girard, 1852 Keeled Earless Lizard
L. propinqua near — implies taxonomic similarity to H. maculata
OD Holbrookia propinqua Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126
Neoseps Stejneger, 1910 SAND SKINKS
L. neo new and Gr. seps snake-like lizard — ref. new discovery of this worm-like lizard
OD Neoseps Stejneger, 1910 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 39, p. 33

Neoseps reynoldsi Stejneger, 1910 Sand Skink
NL honors A.G. Reynolds
OD Neoseps reynoldsi Stejneger, 1910 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 39, p. 34
Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803 GLASS LIZARDS
Gr. ophis serpent and Gr. sauros lizard — ref. snake-like body of this lizard
OD Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803 - Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Vol. 3, No. 72, p. 188

Ophisaurus attenuatus Cope, 1880 Slender Glass Lizard
L. attenuatus made thin, slender — ref. elongate body and tail
OD Ophisaurus attenuatus Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 18

Ophisaurus attenuatus attenuatus Cope, 1880 Western Slender Glass Lizard
L. attenuatus made thin, slender — ref. elongate body and tail
OD Ophisaurus attenuatus Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 18

Ophisaurus attenuatus longicaudus McConkey, 1952 Eastern Slender Glass Lizard
L. longus long and L. caudus tail — ref. long tail relative to other subspecies
OD Ophisaurus attenuatus longicaudus McConkey, 1952 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 102, p. 1

Ophisaurus compressus Cope, 1900 Island Glass Lizard
L. compressus compressed — prob. ref. compressed appearance of the desiccated type-specimen
OD Ophisaurus compressus Cope, "1898" 1900 - Ann. Rept. U.S. Natl. Mus., p. 501, fig. 90

Ophisaurus mimicus Palmer, 1987 Mimic Glass Lizard
L. mimicus suitable for a mime — prob. ref. similarity to other glass lizard
OD Ophisaurus mimicus Palmer, 1987 - Herpetologica, Vol. 43, p. 416

Ophisaurus ventralis (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Glass Lizard
L. ventralis of the belly — poss. ref. snake like locomotion
OD Ophisaurus ventralis (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 391
Petrosaurus Boulenger, 1885 ROCK LIZARDS
Gr. petra rock and Gr. sauros lizard — ref. habitat
OD Petrosaurus Boulenger, 1885 - Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., Vol. 2, p. 205

Petrosaurus mearnsi (Stejneger, 1894) Banded Rock Lizard
NL honors Edgar A. Mearns
OD Petrosaurus mearnsi (Stejneger, 1894) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 589
Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828 HORNED LIZARDS
Gr. phrynos toad and Gr. soma body — ref. squat, toad-like appearance
OD Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 367

Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan, 1825) Texas Horned Lizard
L. cornutum horned — ref. horn
OD Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, p. 299, pl. 20

Phrynosoma coronatum (Blainville, 1835) Coast Horned Lizard
L. coronatum crowned — "constituent une sort de couronne" ("making sort of a crown") a reference to the joining of two large occipital plates
OD Phrynosoma coronatum (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 284, pl. 25, fig. 1

Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillii Gray, 1839 [:x]
NL honors Henri M. Blainville
OD Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillii Gray, 1839 - in J. Richardson, et al., Zool. Beechey's Voyage, p. 96, pl. 29, fig. 1

Phrynosoma coronatum frontale Van Denburgh, 1894 [:x]
L. frontale pertaining to the forehead — ref. head characteristic
OD Phrynosoma coronatum frontale Van Denburgh, 1894 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, p. 296

Phrynosoma douglasi (Bell, 1833) Short-horned Lizard (nominate subspecies "Pigmy Short-horned Lizard")
NL honors David Douglas
OD Phrynosoma douglasi (Bell, 1833) - Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Vol. 16, p. 105, pl. 10

Phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre (Girard, 1858) Eastern Short-horned Lizard
L. brevis short and L. rostrum beak or snout — ref. short snout
OD Phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre (Girard, 1858) - U.S. Expl. Exp., Herp., p. 397

Phrynosoma douglasi hernandesi (Girard, 1858) Desert Short-horned Lizard
NL honors Francisco Hernandez
OD Phrynosoma douglasi hernandesi (Girard, 1858) - U.S. Expl. Exp., Herp. p. 395

Phrynosoma douglasi ornatissimum (Girard, 1858) Desert Short-horned Lizard
L. ornatissimum greatly ornamented — prob. ref. appearance
OD Phrynosoma douglasi ornatissimum (Girard, 1858) - U.S. Expl. Exp., Herp., p. 396

Phrynosoma douglasi ornatum Girard, 1858 Salt Lake Short-horned Lizard
L. ornatum ornamented — prob. ref. appearance
OD Phrynosoma douglasi ornatum Girard, 1858 - U.S. Expl. Exp., Herp., Atlas, pl. 21, fig. 1-5

Phrynosoma mcallii (Hallowell, 1852) Flat-tail Horned Lizard
NL honors George Archibald McCall
OD Phrynosoma mcallii (Hallowell, 1852) Originally spelled "m'callii" - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 182

Phrynosoma modestum Girard, 1852 Roundtail Horned Lizard
L. modestum modest, discrete, unassuming — pres. ref. small size or plain appearance
OD Phrynosoma modestum Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard, 1852 Desert Horned Lizard
Gr. platys flat and Gr. rhinos nose — ref. flat nose
OD Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Phrynosoma platyrhinos calidiarum (Cope, 1896) Southern Desert Horned Lizard
L. calidus hot, warm and L. -arum pertaining to, of the nature of — ref. habitat in hot areas
OD Phrynosoma platyrhinos calidiarum (Cope, 1896) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 30, p. 833

Phrynosoma platyrhinos platyrhinos Girard, 1852 Northern Desert Horned Lizard
Gr. platys flat and Gr. rhinos nose — ref. flat nose
OD Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Phrynosoma solare Gray, 1845 Regal Horned Lizard
L. solare like the sun — "The spines on the occiput forming a continuous frill..."
OD Phrynosoma solare Gray, 1845 - Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 229
Phyllodactylus Gray, 1828 LEAF-TOED GECKOS
Gr. phyllon leaf and Gr. daktylos finger or digit — ref. to the leaf like terminal subdigital lamellae
OD Phyllodactylus Gray, 1830 - Spicileg. Zool., p. 3

Phyllodactylus xanti Cope, 1863 [:x]
NL honors John Xantus
OD Phyllodactylus xanti Cope, 1863 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 102

Phyllodactylus nocticolus Dixon, 1964
L. nocticolus resident of the night — ref. habits
OD Phyllodactylus nocticolus Dixon, 1964 - New Mexico State Univ. Sci. Bull, Vol. 64, No. 1, p. 55
Rhineura Cope, 1861 WORM LIZARDS
Gr. rhinos nose Gr. eurys broad — pres. ref. large shield covering snout
OD Rhineura Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 75

Rhineura floridana (Baird, 1859) Florida Worm Lizard
NL belonging to the state of Florida — type locality, Micanopy, FL
OD Rhineura floridana (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255
Sauromalus Dumeril, 1856 CHUCKWALLAS
Gr. sauros lizard and Gr. homalos level or flat — its body ref. ability to flatten body
OD Sauromalus Dumeril, 1856 - Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 8, p. 535

Sauromalus obesus Baird, 1858 Chuckwalla
L. obesus fat or swollen — ref. obese appearance when flattened
OD Sauromalus obesus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253

Sauromalus obesus multiforaminatus Tanner and Avery, 1964 Glen Canyon Chuckwalla
L. multi many and L. foramin openings and L. -atus having — ref. supernumerary femoral pores
OD Sauromalus obesus multiforaminatus Tanner and Avery, 1964 - Herpetologica, Vol. 20, p. 38

Sauromalus obesus obesus Baird, 1858 Western Chuckwalla
L. obesus fat or swollen — ref. obese appearance when flattened
OD Sauromalus obesus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253

Sauromalus obesus tumidus Shaw, 1945 Arizona Chuckwalla
L. tumidus fat, swollen up/puffed up — ref. obese appearance when flattened
OD Sauromalus obesus tumidus Shaw, 1945 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 292
Sceloporus Wiegmann, 1828 SPINY LIZARDS
Gr. skelos leg and Gr. porus pore or opening — ref. femoral pores on hind legs
OD Sceloporus Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 369

Sceloporus arenicolus Degenhardt and Jones, 1972 Dunes Sagebrush Lizard
L. arenicolus inhabitant of a sandy area — ref. habitat
OD Sceloporus arenicolus Degenhardt and Jones, 1972 - Herpetologica, Vol. 28, p. 213

Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard, 1852 Clark's Spiny Lizard (nominate subspecies "Sonoran Spiny Lizard")
NL honors John H. Clark
OD Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 127

Sceloporus clarkii vallaris Shannon and Urbano, 1954 Plateau Spiny Lizard
L. vallaris of the wall or rampart — ref. Colorado plateau habitat
OD Sceloporus clarkii vallaris Shannon and Urbano, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 189

Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852 Sagebrush Lizard
L. graciosus graceful — "This small and graceful species..."
OD Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Sceloporus graciosus gracilis Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Sagebrush Lizard
L. gracilis slender — prob. ref. appearance
OD Sceloporus graciosus Baird & Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, 1852, p. 175.

Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852 Northern Sagebrush Lizard
L. graciosus graceful — "This small and graceful species..."
OD Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 Mesquite Lizard
Gr. grammicus streaked —
OD Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 370

Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus Wiegmann, 1834 Northern Mesquite Lizard
L. micro small Gr. lepidotus scaled —
OD Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus Wiegmann, 1834 - Herp. Mex., p. 51

Sceloporus jarrovii Cope, 1875 Yarrow's Spiny Lizard
NL honors Henry C. Yarrow
OD Sceloporus jarrovii Cope, 1875 - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 569, pl. 23, figs. 2-2c

Sceloporus magister Hallowell, 1854 Desert Spiny Lizard
L. magister teacher or master — prob. ref. large size
OD Sceloporus magister Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 93

Sceloporus magister bimaculosus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 [:x]
L. bi two and L. maculosus with spots — ref. paired dorsal spots
OD Sceloporus magister bimaculosus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, p. 9

Sceloporus magister cephaloflavus Tanner, 1955 [:x]
L. cephalus head and L. flavus yellow — ref. yellow dorsal head plates and nape in adults
OD Sceloporus magister cephaloflavus Tanner, 1955 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 15, p. 32

Sceloporus magister transversus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 [:x]
L. trans across and L. versus turned or changed — ref. dorsal cross bars
OD Sceloporus magister transversus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, p. 10

Sceloporus magister uniformis Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 [:x]
L. uni one and L. formis shape — ref. lack of pattern on dorsum
OD Sceloporus magister uniformis Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, p. 7

Sceloporus merriami Stejneger, 1904 Canyon Lizard (nominate subspecies "Merriam's Canyon Lizard")
NL honors Clinton Hart Merriam
OD Sceloporus merriami Stejneger, 1904 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 17, p. 17

Sceloporus merriami annulatus Smith, 1937 Big Bend Canyon Lizard
L. annulatus ringed — ref. subcaudal bands
OD Sceloporus merriami annulatus Smith, 1937 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 50, p. 83

Sceloporus merriami longipunctatus Olson, 1973 Presidio Canyon Lizard
L. longus long and L. punctatus spotted — ref. elongate shape of the dorsal spots
OD Sceloporus merriami longipunctatus Olson, 1973 - Herpetologica, Vol. 29, p. 124

Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Fence Lizard
L. occidentalis western — ref. distribution west of Cascade Mountains
OD Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 175

Sceloporus occidentalis becki Van Denburgh, 1905 Island Fence Lizard
NL honors Rollo Howard Beck
OD Sceloporus occidentalis becki Van Denburgh, 1905 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool. Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 9, pl. 4

Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus Hallowell, 1854 San Joaquin Fence Lizard
L. bi two and L. seriatus lined — ref. dorsolateral stripes
OD Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 93

Sceloporus occidentalis bocourtii Boulenger, 1885 Coast Range Fence Lizard
NL honors Marie F. Bocourt
OD Sceloporus occidentalis bocourtii Boulenger, 1885 - Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2nd ed., Vol. 2, p. 229

Sceloporus occidentalis longipes Baird, 1858 Great Basin Fence Lizard
L. longi long and L. pes foot —
OD Sceloporus occidentalis longipes Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 254

Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852 Northwestern Fence Lizard
L. occidentalis western — ref. distribution west of Cascade Mountains
OD Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 175

Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp, 1916 Sierra Fence Lizard
NL honors Edward H. Taylor
OD Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp, 1916 - Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 17, p. 65

Sceloporus olivaceus Smith, 1934 Texas Spiny Lizard
L. olivaceus being olive green in color — ref. color preserved specimens
OD Sceloporus olivaceus Smith, 1934 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 37, p. 277

Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger, 1893 Granite Spiny Lizard
NL honors Charles R. Orcutt
OD Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 181, pl. 1, figs. 4a-c

Sceloporus poinsettii Baird and Girard, 1852 Crevice Spiny Lizard
NL honors Joel R. Poinsett
OD Sceloporus poinsettii Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126

Sceloporus scalaris Wiegmann, 1828 [:x]
L. scalaris of a ladder or stairs — poss. ref. pattern
OD Sceloporus scalaris Wiegmann, 1828 - Isis von Oken, Vol. 21, p. 370

Sceloporus serrifer Cope, 1866 Blue Spiny Lizard
L. serrifer bearing a saw — ref. spines
OD Sceloporus serrifer Cope, 1866 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 124

Sceloporus serrifer cyanogenys Cope, 1885 Blue Spiny Lizard
Gr. kyanos dark blue and Gr. genys cheek or side of jaw — ref. appearance
OD Sceloporus serrifer cyanogenys Cope, 1885 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 22, p. 402

Sceloporus slevini Smith, 1937 Bunch Grass Lizard
NL honors Joseph R. Slevin
OD Sceloporus slevini Smith, 1937 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 361, p. 3

Sceloporus undulatus (Bosc and Daudin, in Sonnini and Latreille, 1802) Fence Lizard
L. undulatus having a wave like pattern — -ref. dorsal pattern
OD Sceloporus undulatus (Bosc and Daudin, 1802) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 40

Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus Baird and Girard, 1854 Southern Prairie Lizard
L. consobrinus first cousin — possibly notes resemblance between this and Sceloporus undulatus.
OD Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus Baird and Girard, 1854 - in Marcy, Expl. Red River, p. 224, pl. 10, figs. 5-12

Sceloporus undulatus cowlesi Lowe and Norris, 1956 White Sands Prairie Lizard
NL honors Raymond B. Cowles
OD Sceloporus undulatus cowlesi Lowe and Norris, 1956 - Herpetologica, Vol. 12, p. 126

Sceloporus undulatus elongatus Stejneger, 1890 Northern Plateau Lizard
L. elongatus being drawn out in length — prob. ref. body shape
OD Sceloporus undulatus elongatus Stejneger, 1890 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, p. 111

Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus Maslin, 1956 Red-lipped Plateau Lizard
Gr. erythro red and Gr. cheilos lip — prob. ref. appearance of specimen
OD Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus Maslin, 1956 - Herpetologica, Vol. 12, p. 291

Sceloporus undulatus garmani Boulenger, 1882 Northern Prairie Lizard
NL honors Samuel W. Garman
OD Sceloporus undulatus garmani Boulenger, 1882 - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 761, pl. 56

Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus (Green, 1818) Northern Fence Lizard
Gr. huakinth-os dark color or blue and L. -inus belonging to — ref. blue ventrolateral patches on males
OD Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, p. 349

Sceloporus undulatus speari Smith, Chiszar, Lemos-Espinal and Bell, 1995 Cabeza de Vaca Basin Fence Lizard
NL honors Norman E. Spear
OD Sceloporus undulatus speari Smith, Chiszar, Lemos-Espinal and Bell, 1995 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 98: 44-60. [tc]

Sceloporus undulatus tedbrowni Smith, Bell, Applegarth and Chiszar, 1992
NL honors Theodore "Ted" Brown
OD Sceloporus undulatus tedbrowni Smith, Bell, Applegarth and Chiszar, 1992 [nc][tc]

Sceloporus undulatus tristichus Cope, 1875 Southern Plateau Lizard
Gr. tri three and Gr. stichos rows —
OD Sceloporus undulatus tristichus Cope, 1875 - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 571

Sceloporus undulatus undulatus (Latreille, 1802) Southern Fence Lizard
L. undulatus having a wave like pattern — ref. dorsal pattern
OD Sceloporus undulatus (Bosc and Daudin, 1802) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 40

Sceloporus vandenburghianus Cope, 1896 Southern Sagebrush Lizard
NL honors John Van Denburgh
OD Sceloporus vandenburgianus Cope, 1896 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 30, p. 834 *[check spelling]*

Sceloporus variabilis Wiegmann, 1834 Rosebelly Lizard
L. variabilis variable — Cope, l900: "wide difference in color between males and females"
OD Sceloporus variabilis Wiegmann, 1834 - Herp. Mex., p. 51

Sceloporus variabilis marmoratus Hallowell, 1852 Rosebelly Lizard
L. marmoratus marbled —
OD Sceloporus variabilis marmoratus Hallowell, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 178

Sceloporus virgatus Smith, 1938 Striped Plateau Lizard
L. virgatus striped — pres. ref. to the longitudinal body stripes
OD Sceloporus virgatus Smith, 1938 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 387, p. 11, map 1

Sceloporus woodi Stejneger, 1918 Florida Scrub Lizard
NL honors Nelson R. Wood
OD Sceloporus woodi Stejneger, 1918 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 31, p. 90
Scincella Mittleman, 1950 GROUND SKINKS
L. scincus lizard (skink) and L. -ella little — ref. small size of this member of the family in the U.S.
OD Scincella Mittleman, 1950 - Herpetologica, Vol. 6, p. 19

Scincella lateralis (Say, 1823) Ground Skink
L. lateralis of the side — ref. dark dorsolateral stripes
OD Scincella lateralis (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 2, p. 324
Sphaerodactylus Wagler, 1830 DWARF GECKOS
Gr. sphaira ball-like and Gr. dactylos finger or digit — apparent allusion to the more or less circular digital tips
OD Sphaerodactylus Wagler, 1830 - Nat. Syst. Amph., p. 143

Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird, 1858 Reef Gecko
L. notatus marked — ref. spotted pattern of males
OD Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 254

Sphaerodactylus notatus notatus Baird, 1858 Florida Reef Gecko
L. notatus marked — ref. spotted pattern of males
OD Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 254
Uma Baird, 1858 FRINGE-TOED LIZARDS
NL Yuma Native American group — poss. ref. location in AZ
OD Uma Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253

Uma notata Baird, 1859 Colorado Desert Fringe-toed Lizard
L. notata marked —
OD Uma notata Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253

Uma notata rufopunctata Cope, 1895 [:x]
L. rufus red and L. punctata pricked or pointed — ref. reddish color of the dorsal ocelli
OD Uma notata rufopunctata Cope, 1895 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 939

Uma scoparia Cope, 1894 Mojave Fringe-toed Lizard
L. scopa twigs and L. -aria having —
OD Uma scoparia Cope, 1894 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 28, p. 435

Uma notata inornata Cope, 1895 [:x]
L. inornata not marked —
OD Uma notata inornata Cope, 1895 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 93
Urosaurus Hallowell, 1854 TREE and BRUSH LIZARDS
Gr. oura tail and Gr. saurus lizard —
OD Urosaurus Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 92

Urosaurus graciosus Hallowell, 1854 Brush Lizard
L. gracilis slender, thin and L. -osus full of — ref. narrow head and long tail
OD Urosaurus graciosus Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 92

Urosaurus graciosus shannoni Lowe, 1955
NL honors Frederick H. Shannon
OD Urosaurus graciosus shannoni Lowe, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, p. 97

Urosaurus microscutatus (Van Denburgh, 1894) Small-scaled Lizard
L. micro small and L. scutatus scaled — pres. ref. lack of very enlarged dorsal scales as found in other members of the genus
OD Urosaurus microscutatus (Van Denburgh, 1894) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, p. 298

Urosaurus ornatus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Tree Lizard
L. ornatus ornamented —
OD Urosaurus ornatus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 126 (part)

Urosaurus ornatus levis (Stejneger, 1890) [:x]
L. levis light, mild — prob. ref. to color
OD Urosaurus ornatus levis (Stejneger, 1890) - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, p. 108

Urosaurus ornatus linearis (Baird, 1859) [:x]
L. linea a line and L. -aris having — "with four linear interrupted black stripes"
OD Urosaurus ornatus linearis (Baird, 1859) - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Pt. 2, p. 7

Urosaurus ornatus schmidti (Mittleman, 1940) [:x]
NL honors Karl P. Schmidt
OD Urosaurus ornatus schmidti (Mittleman, 1940) - Herpetologica, Vol. 2, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 1

Urosaurus ornatus symmetricus (Baird, 1858) [:x]
L. symmetricus balanced or equal — ref. regular series of larger dorsal scales
OD Urosaurus ornatus symmetricus (Baird, 1858) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 253

Urosaurus ornatus wrightii (Schmidt, 1921) [:x]
NL honors Albert Hazen Wright
OD Urosaurus ornatus wrighti (Schmidt, 1921) - Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 22, p. 3
Uta Baird and Girard, 1852 SIDE-BLOTCHED LIZARDS
NL state of Utah — ref. region where first discovered
OD Uta Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, 1852 Side-blotched Lizard (nominate subspecies "Northern Side-Blotched Lizard
NL honors Howard S. Stansbury
OD Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69

Uta stansburiana elegans Yarrow, 1882 California Side-blotched Lizard
L. elegans fine or elegant —
OD Uta stansburiana elegans Yarrow, 1882 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 5, p. 442

Uta stansburiana nevadensis Ruthven, 1915 Nevada Side-blotched Lizard
NL belonging to the state of Nevada — prob. ref. type locality
OD Uta stansburiana nevadensisv Ruthven, 1915 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 26, p. 27, fig. 1

Uta stansburiana stejnegeri Schmidt, 1921 Desert Side-blotched Lizard
NL honors Leonhard Stejneger
OD Uta stansburiana Stejnegeri Schmidt, 1921 - Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 15, p. 1

Uta stansburiana uniformis Pack and Tanner, 1970 Colorado Side-blotched Lizard
L. uniformis uniform or even —
OD Uta stansburiana uniformis Pack and Tanner, 1970 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 30, p. 87
Xantusia Baird, 1858 NIGHT LIZARDS
NL honors John Xantus
OD Xantusia Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255

Xantusia bezyi Papenfuss, Macey and Schulte, 2001 TBA
NL honors Robert L. Bezy
OD Xantusia bezyi Papenfuss, Macey and Schulte, 2001 - Scientific Papers of the Natural History Museum The University of Kansas 23: 1-9 [tc]

Xantusia henshawi Stejneger, 1893 Granite Night Lizard
NL honors honors Henry W. Henshaw
OD Xantusia henshawi Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 16, p. 467

Xantusia henshawi gracilis Grismer and Galvan, 1986 Sandstone Night Lizard
L. gracilis slender — prob. ref. body shape
OD Xantusia henshawi gracilis Grismer and Galvan, 1986 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 21, No. 10, p. 155

Xantusia riversiana Cope, 1883 Island Night Lizard
NL honors James J. Rivers
OD Xantusia riversiana Cope, 1883 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 35, p. 29

Xantusia riversiana reticulata Smith, 1946 San Clemente Night Lizard
L. reticulata net-like — prob. ref. pattern
OD Xantusia riversiana reticulata Smith, 1946 - Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 36, p. 392

Xantusia vigilis Baird, 1859 Desert Night Lizard
L. vigilis alert or watchful — poss. ref. lack of eyelids
OD Xantusia vigilis Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255

Xantusia vigilis arizonae Klauber, 1931 Arizona Night Lizard
NL of the state of Arizona — type locality, Yavapai County, Arizona
OD Xantusia vigilis arizonae Klauber, 1931 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 7, p. 1 pl. 1

Xantusia vigilis sierrae Bezy, 1967 Sierra Night Lizard
NL of the Sierra Mountains — type locality, Kern County, CA
OD Xantusia vigilis sierrae Bezy, 1967 - Journ. Arizona Acad. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 163

Xantusia vigilis utahensis Tanner, 1957 Utah Night Lizard
NL belonging to the state of Utah — type locality, Garfield County, UT, 1954
OD Xantusia vigilis utahensis Tanner, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 5

Xantusia vigilis vigilis Baird, 1859 Desert Night Lizard
L. vigilis alert or watchful — poss. ref. lack of eyelids
OD Xantusia vigilis Baird, 1858 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 10, p. 255

Snakes


Agkistrodon Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 COPPERHEAD and COTTONMOUTH
Gr. ankistron fishhook and Gr. odontos tooth — ref. curved fangs
OD Agkistrodon Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 4, p. 381

Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Copperhead
L. contortrix female contortionist — poss. ref. condition of specimen or dorsal pattern
OD Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 373

Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Southern Copperhead
L. contortrix female contortionist — poss. ref. condition of specimen or dorsal pattern
OD Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 373

Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus Gloyd and Conant, 1934 Broad-banded Copperhead
L. latus side, flank, broad and L. cinctus banded — ref. color/pattern
OD Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus Gloyd and Conant, 1934 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 283, p. 2, 1 pl.

Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen (Daudin, 1803) Northern Copperhead
Native American "moccasin" mistransliterated — Indian footwear
OD Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 4, p. 370-footnote

Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster Gloyd, 1969 Osage Copperhead
Gr. phaios dark, dusky and Gr. gaster belly — "dusky clouded or marbled pattern" on the belly
OD Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster Gloyd, 1969 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 82, p. 220

Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Gloyd and Conant, 1943 Trans-Pecos Copperhead
L. pictus painted, embroidered Gr. gaster belly — ref. strikingly patterned belly
OD Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Gloyd and Conant, 1943 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 156, fig. 10

Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacepede, 1789) Cottonmouth
L. piscis fish and L. voro to devour — ref. fish-eating habits of species
OD Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacepede, 1789) - Hist. Nat. Serp., Vol. 2, table meth. p. 130

Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Gloyd, 1969 Florida Cottonmouth
NL honors Roger Conant
OD Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Gloyd, 1969 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 82, p. 226

Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (Troost, 1836) Western Cottonmouth
Gr. leukon white and Gr. stoma mouth — ref. white color of mouth lining when snake gapes in threat posture
OD Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (Troost, 1836) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 176, pl. 5, figs. 1-4

Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus (Lacepede, 1789) Eastern Cottonmouth
L. piscis fish and L. voro to devour — ref. fish-eating habits of species
OD Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacepede, 1789) - Hist. Nat. Serp., Vol. 2, table meth. p. 130
Arizona Kennicott, 1859 GLOSSY SNAKES
One of two translations is possible:
(1) L. areo to be dry and L. zona belt of earth — ref. geographical distribution
(2) NL arizonac place of springs — American Indian word, ref. Arizona region
OD Arizona Kennicott, 1859 - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 18

Arizona elegans Kennicott, 1859 Eastern Glossy Snake
L. elegans fine or elegant — == ref. color pattern
OD Arizona elegans Kennicott, 1859 - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 18, pl. 13

Arizona elegans arenicola Dixon, 1960 Texas Glossy Snake
L. arenicola inhabitant of a sandy area — ref. principle soil type of habitat
OD Arizona elegans arenicola Dixon, 1960 - Southwest. Natur., Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 226

Arizona elegans elegans Kennicott, 1859 Kansas Glossy Snake
L. elegans fine or elegant — ref. color pattern
OD Arizona elegans Kennicott, 1859 - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 18, pl. 13

Arizona elegans philipi Klauber, 1946 Painted Desert Glossy Snake
NL honors Philip M. Klauber
OD Arizona elegans philipi Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 333, fig. 1, map 1

Arizona occidentalis Blanchard, 1924 Western Glossy Snake
L. occidentalis western — ref. western distribution in the U.S.
OD Arizona occidentalis Blanchard, 1924 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 150, p. 1

Arizona occidentalis candida Klauber, 1946 Mohave Glossy Snake
L. candida shining white or bright — "subspecies characterised by its light color..."
OD Arizona occidentalis candida Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 364, pl. 8, fig. 2, text fig. 1, map

Arizona occidentalis eburnata Klauber, 1946 Desert Glossy Snake
L. eburnata made of ivory — ref. pale color pattern
OD Arizona elegans eburnata Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 350, pl. 8, fig. 1, text fig. 1, map

Arizona occidentalis noctivaga Klauber, 1946 Arizona Glossy Snake
L. nocti of the night and L. vaga wanderer — "Noctivaga, as the name implies, is nocturnal..."
OD Arizona occidentalis noctivaga Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 343, fig. 1, map
Bogertophis DESERT RAT SNAKES Dowling and Price, 1988
NL honors Charles M. Bogert
OD Bogertophis Dowling and Price, 1988 - The Snake, Vol. 20, p. 52

Bogertophis rosaliae (Mocquard, 1899) Baja California Rat Snake
NL ref. type locality Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico
OD Bogertophis rosaliae (Mocquard, 1899) - Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Natur. Paris, 4th Series, Vol. 1 (2nd fasc), p. 321

Bogertophis subocularis(Brown, 1901) Trans-Pecos Rat Snake
L. sub below and L. oculus the eye and L. -aris having (something) — ref. lorilabial scales below eye on each side of head
OD Bogertophis subocularis (Brown, 1901) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 53, p. 492

Bogertophis subocularis subocularis (Brown, 1901) NCN
L. sub below and L. oculus the eye and L. -aris having (something) — ref. lorilabial scales below eye on each side of head
OD Bogertophis subocularis (Brown, 1901) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 53, p. 492
Carphophis Gervais, 1843 WORM SNAKES
Gr. karphos twig, straw, dry particle and Gr. ophis snake — poss. ref. straw-like color or poss. ref. dried specimen
OD Carphophis Gervais, 1843 - D'Orbigny's Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., Vol. 3, p. 191

Carphophis amoenus (Say, 1825) Eastern Worm Snake
L. amoenus pleasing or lovely — poss. ref. pattern
OD Carphophis amoenus (Say, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 237

Carphophis amoenus helenae (Kennicott, 1859) Midwest Worm Snake
NL honors Helen Tennison
OD Carphophis amoenus helenae (Kennicott, 1859) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 100

Carphophis vermis (Kennicott, 1859) Western Worm Snake
L. vermis worm — ref. worm-like appearance of species
OD Carphophis vermis (Kennicott, 1859) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 99
Cemophora Cope, 1860 SCARLET SNAKE
Gr. kemos muzzle and Gr. phoros bearing — ref. pronounced rostral scale
OD Cemophora Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 244

Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) Scarlet Snake
L. coccinea of scarlet or crimson — Baird and Girard, 1853: refer to the color of dorsal blotches "said to be crimson in life"
OD Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) - Voigt's Mag. Neu. Phys. Naturg., Vol. 5, Pt. 1, p. 11, pl. 1

Cemophora coccinea coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) Florida Scarlet Snake
L. coccinea of scarlet or crimson — Baird and Girard, 1853: refer to teh color of dorsal blotches "said to be crimson in life"
OD Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) - Voigt's Mag. Neu. Phys. Naturg., Vol. 5, Pt. 1, p. 11, pl. 1

Cemophora coccinea copei Jan, 1863 Northern Scarlet Snake
NL honors Edward Drinker Cope
OD Cemophora coccinea copei Jan, 1863 - Sist. Ofidi Gruppo Coronellidae, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., Vol. 2, p. 231

Cemophora coccinea lineri Williams, Brown and Wilson, 1966 Texas Scarlet Snake
NL honors Ernest A. Liner
OD Cemophora coccinea lineri Williams, Brown and Wilson, 1966 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 18, p. 85
Charina Gray, 1849 RUBBER and ROSY BOAS
Gr. charieis graceful, delightful —
OD Charina Gray, 1849 - Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 113

Charina bottae (Blainville, 1835) Rubber Boa
NL honors Paolo E. Botta
OD Charina bottae (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 289, pl. 26, figs. 1, 1B

Charina trivirgata (Cope, 1861) Rosy Boa
L. tri three and L. virgata striped — ref. color pattern
OD Charina trivirgata Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 304

Charina trivirgata gracia (Klauber, 1931) Desert Rosy Boa
NL honors Grace Gould Klauber
OD Charina trivirgata gracia Klauber, 1931 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 20, p. 307

Charina trivirgata roseofusca (Cope, 1868) Coastal Rosy Boa
L. roseus ruddy and L. fusca dusky —
OD Charina trivirgata roseofusca Cope, 1868 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 20, p. 2

Charina trivirgata trivirgata (Cope, 1861) Mexican Rosy Boa
L. tri three and L. virgata striped —
OD Charina trivirgata Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 304
Chilomeniscus Cope, 1860 SAND SNAKES
Gr. cheilos margin, lip or brim and Gr. meniskos little moon or crescent — ref. shape of the rostral scale
OD Chilomeniscus Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol.12, p. 339

Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope, 1861 Banded Sand Snake
L. cinctus belted, girdled — ref. body bands
OD Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 303
Chionactis Cope, 1860 SHOVELNOSE SNAKES
Gr. chion snow and Gr. aktis ray or beam —
OD Chionactis Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 241

Chionactis occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) Western Shovelnose Snake
L. occiputalis pertaining to the back of the head —
OD Chionactis occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95

Chionactis occipitalis annulata (Baird, 1859) Colorado Desert Shovelnose
Snake L. annulata ringed — ref. banded body
OD Chionactis occipitalis annulata (Baird, 1859) - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 22, pl. 21

Chionactis occipitalis klauberi (Stickel, 1941) Tucson Shovelnose Snake
NL honors Laurence M. Klauber
OD Chionactis occipitalis klauberi (Stickel, 1941) - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 6, p. 138

Chionactis occipitalis occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) Mojave Shovelnose Snake
L. occiputalis pertaining to the back of the head —
OD Chionactis occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95

Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber, 1951 Nevada Shovelnose Snake
L. talpa a mole and L. -ina belonging to — "Mole-like" to denote its fossorial habits"
OD Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber, 1951 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, p. 172, pl. 10, fig. 1, map

Chionactis palarostris (Klauber, 1937) Sonoran Shovelnose Snake
L. palar palisade stakes and L. rostris of the nose or beak — ref. more
OD Chionactis palarostris (Klauber, 1937) - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 363

Chionactis palarostris organica Klauber, 1951 Organ Pipe Shovelnose Snake
Gr. organon an organ and L. -ica belonging to — ref. its habitat in the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument
OD Chionactis palarostris organica Klauber, 1951 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, p. 178, pl. 10, fig. 2, map

Chionactis saxatilis Funk, 1967 Mountain Shovelnose Snake
L. saxatilis dwelling or growing — ref. described habitat of species amongst rocks
OD Chionactis saxatilis Funk, 1967 - Southwest. Natur., Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 180
Clonophis Cope, 1889 KIRTLAND'S SNAKE Two possibilities:
(1) Gr. klonion twig, branch and Gr. ophis snake — ref. appearance of body and pattern on top
(2) Gr. klonos violent, confused motion and Gr. ophis snake — ref. ability to flatten body and writhe when disturbed
OD Clonophis Cope, 1889 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 11, p. 391

Clonophis kirtlandii (Kennicott, 1856) Kirtland's Snake
NL honors Jared P. Kirtland
OD Clonophis kirtlandii (Kennicott, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 95
Coluber Linnaeus, 1758 RACERS
L. coluber snake or serpent —
OD Coluber Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 216

Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 Eastern Racer
L. constrictor one that constricts — misnomer, genus does not constrict
OD Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 216

Coluber constrictor anthicus (Cope, 1862) Buttermilk Racer
Gr. anthikos pertaining to flowers or white speckled — ref. color pattern of adults
OD Coluber constrictor anthicus (Cope, 1862) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 14, p. 338

Coluber constrictor constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 Northern Black Racer
L. constrictor one that constricts — misnomer, genus does not constrict
OD Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 216

Coluber constrictor etheridgei Wilson, 1970 Tan Racer
NL honors Richard E. Etheridge
OD Coluber constrictor etheridgei Wilson, 1970 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 75

Coluber constrictor flaviventris Say, 1823 Yellowbelly Racer
L. flavi yellow and L. ventris of the belly — Baird and Girard 1852: "Beneath bright greenish yellow"
OD Coluber constrictor flaviventris Say, 1823 - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 185

Coluber constrictor foxi (Baird and Girard, 1853) [:x]
NL honors Charles Fox
OD Coluber constrictor foxi (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 96

Coluber constrictor helvigularis Auffenberg, 1955 Brownchin Racer
L. helvus honey-yellow and L. gula throat and L. -aris having a —
OD Coluber constrictor helvigularis Auffenberg, 1955 - Tulane Stud. Zool., Vol. 2, No. 6, p. 105

Coluber constrictor latrunculus Wilson, 1970 Blackmask Racer
L. latrunculus bandit or highwayman — ref. black eye mask
OD Coluber constrictor latrunculus Wilson, 1970 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 78

Coluber constrictor oaxaca (Jan, 1863) Mexican Racer
NL state of Oaxaca, Mexico — whence holotype purportedly came
OD Coluber constrictor oaxaca (Jan, 1863) - Eleco Sist. Ofidi, p. 63

Coluber constrictor paludicola Auffenberg and Babbitt, 1955 Everglades Racer
L. paludicola inhabitant of a swamp — ref. habitat
OD Coluber constrictor paludicola Auffenberg and Babbitt, 1953 - Copeia, p. 44

Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn and Wood, 1939 Southern Black Racer
L. Priapus god of procreation — ref. hemipenial structure.
OD Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn and Wood, 1939 - Notulae Naturae Philadelphia, No. 5, p. 4

Coluber mormon Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Racer
NL Mormon — "found by Capt. Howard Stansbury's party, in the valley of the Great Salt Lake" settled by Mormon religionists
OD Coluber mormon Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 70
Coniophanes Hallowell, 1860 BLACK-STRIPED SNAKES
Gr. konis dust, ashes and Gr. phanes appearing like — poss. ref. tiny black speckles on white supralabials and edges of ventrals in the type specimen
OD Coniophanes Hallowell, 1860 - in Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 248

Coniophanes imperialis (Baird, 1859) Black-striped Snake
L. imperialis imperial, kingly — may ref. purplish/black dorsal color
OD Coniophanes imperialis (Baird, 1859) - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 23, pl. 19, fig. 1

Coniophanes imperialis imperialis (Baird, 1859) Black-striped Snake
L. imperialis imperial, kingly — may ref. purplish/black dorsal color
OD Coniophanes imperialis (Baird, 1859) - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 23, pl. 19, fig. 1
Contia Baird and Girard, 1853 SHARPTAIL SNAKE
NL honors John L. Le Conte, MD
OD Contia Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 110

Contia tenuis (Baird and Girard, 1852) Sharptail Snake
L. tenuis thin, narrow, slender — "body slender"
OD Contia tenuis (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 176
Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 RATTLESNAKES
Gr. krotalon a rattle — ref. rattle on tail, typical of all but one member of genus
OD Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 214

Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
Gr. adamantos unyielding, hard, stubborn —
OD Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 4, p. 368, figs. 1, 2

Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard, 1853 Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
L. atrox dark, fierce, savage — ref. to sometimes savage disposition of this species
OD Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 5

Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, 1854 Sidewinder
Gr. kerastes horned — ref. "horns" on head
OD Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95

Crotalus cerastes cerastes Hallowell, 1854 Mojave Desert Sidewinder
Gr. kerastes horned — ref. "horns" on head
OD Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95

Crotalus cerastes cercobombus Savage and Cliff, 1953 Sonoran Sidewinder
Gr. kerkos tail and Gr. bombos to buzz, deep tone — probably refers to the sound of its rattles
OD Crotalus cerastes cercobombus Savage and Cliff, 1953 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 119, p. 2

Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Klauber, 1944 Colorado Desert Sidewinder
L. later side and L.repens creeping or crawling — ref. curious style of "sidewinder" locomotion
OD Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Klauber, 1944 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 94, fig. 2, map

Crotalus exsul Garman, 1883 Red Diamond Rattlesnake
L. exulo exile —
OD Crotalus exsul Garman, 1883 [nc][tc]

Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758 Timber Rattlesnake
L. horridus dreadful — ref. venomous nature of this snake
OD Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 214

Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) Rock Rattlesnake
L. lepidus neat, graceful, pleasant — described from alcoholic heads
OD Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 206

Crotalus lepidus klauberi Gloyd, 1936 Banded Rock Rattlesnake
NL honors Laurence M. Klauber
OD Crotalus lepidus klauberi Gloyd, 1936 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 337, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1

Crotalus lepidus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
L. lepidus neat, graceful, pleasant — described from alcoholic heads
OD Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 206

Crotalus mitchelli (Cope, 1861) Speckled Rattlesnake
NL honors S. Weir Mitchell
OD Crotalus mitchellii (Cope, 1861) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 293

Crotalus mitchelli pyrrhus (Cope, 1867) Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
Honors Pyrrus, or refers to
Gr. pyrrhos flame colored, reddish
OD Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 308

Crotalus mitchelli stephensi Klauber, 1930 Panamint Rattlesnake
NL honors Frank Stephens
OD Crotalus mitchellii stephensi Klauber, 1930 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 108

Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard, 1853 Blacktail Rattlesnake
L. Molossos hound or mastiff — poss. ref. disposition or broad muzzle
OD Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 10

Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh, 1895 Twin-spotted Rattlesnake
NL honors William W. Price
OD Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh, 1895 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, p. 856

Crotalus ruber Cope, 1892 [:x]
L. ruber red — ref. reddish color of dorsum
OD Crotalus ruber Cope, 1892 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 14, p. 690

Crotalus scutulatus (Kennicott, 1861) Mojave Rattlesnake
L. scutulatus having a shield shaped patch — ref. dorsal pattern
OD Crotalus scutulatus (Kennicott, 1861) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 207

Crotalus tigris Kennicott, 1859 Tiger Rattlesnake
L. tigris of a tiger — ref. color and pattern
OD Crotalus tigris Kennicott, 1859 - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 14, pl. 4

Crotalus viridis Rafinesque, 1818 Western Rattlesnake
L. viridis green — some adults on Great Plains have light greenish-gray color on dorsum
OD Crotalus viridis Rafinesque, 1818 - Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, Nov. p. 41

Crotalus viridis abyssus Klauber, 1930 Grand Canyon Rattlesnake
Gr. abyssos bottomless — range restricted to Grand Canyon area
OD Crotalus viridis abyssus Klauber, 1930 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 114, pl. 11, fig. 1

Crotalus viridis cerberus (Coues, 1875) Arizona Black Rattlesnake
Gr. Cerberus, the three-headed dog of Hades
OD Crotalus viridis cerberus (Coues, 1875) - in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 606

Crotalus viridis concolor Woodbury, 1929 Midget Faded Rattlesnake
L. concolor of the same colors —
OD Crotalus viridis concolor Woodbury, 1929 - Bull. Univ. Utah, Vol. 20, No. 6, p. 3, figs. 1-2

Crotalus viridis helleri Meek, 1905 Southern Pacific Rattlesnake
NL honors Edmund Heller
OD Crotalus viridis helleri Meek, 1905 - Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Zool., Vol. 7, p. 17

Crotalus viridis lutosus Klauber, 1936 Great Basin Rattlesnake
L. lutosus muddy, full of mud — ref. brownish dorsal color
OD Crotalus viridis lutosus Klauber, 1930 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 100

Crotalus viridis nuntius Klauber, 1936 Hopi Rattlesnake
L. nuntius messenger — ref. use of these snakes as messengers to the gods in the Hopi Snake Ceremonial
OD Crotalus viridis nuntius Klauber, 1935 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, No. 13, p. 78, pl. 8, fig. 1, map 1

Crotalus viridis oreganus Holbrook, 1840 Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
NL belonging to the state of Oregon — ref. to type locality, "banks of Oregon or Columbia River"
OD Crotalus viridis oreganus Holbrook, 1840 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, p. 115, pl. 29 [24 in text]

Crotalus viridis viridis Rafinesque, 1818 Prairie Rattlesnake
L. viridis green — some adults on Great Plains have light greenish-gray dorsal coloration
OD Crotalus viridis Rafinesque, 1818 - Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, Nov. p. 41

Crotalus willardi Meek, 1905 Ridgenose Rattlesnake (nominate subspecies "Arizona Ridgenose Rattlesnake">
NL honors Frank C. Willard
OD Crotalus willardi Meek, 1905 - Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Zool., Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 18, pl. 3

Crotalus willardi obscurus Harris and Simmons, 1976 New Mexico Ridgenose Rattlesnake
L. obscurus dusky — ref. absence of white flash-marks on head
OD Crotalus willardi obscurus Harris and Simmons, 1976 - Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc., Vol. 12, No. 1 p. 5
Diadophis Baird and Girard, 1853 RINGNECK SNAKES
L. diadema crown and Gr. ophis snake — "generally w/a light ring on the occipital region."
OD Diadophis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 112

Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Ringneck Snake
L. punctatus dotted — ref. to spotted belly of species
OD Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 376

Diadophis punctatus acricus Paulson, 1966 Key Ringneck Snake
Gr. akros at the end, tip and L. -icus belonging — pres. ref. habitat in the Florida keys
OD Diadophis punctatus acricus Paulson, 1968 - Quarterly Journal Florida Acad. Sci., Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 295-308

Diadophis punctatus amabilis Baird and Girard, 1853 Pacific Ringneck Snake
L. amabilis lovely — prob. ref. appearance
OD Diadophis punctatus amabilis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 113

Diadophis punctatus arnyi Kennicott, 1859 Prairie Ringneck Snake
NL honors Samuel Arny
OD Diadophis punctatus arnyi Kennicott, 1859 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 99

Diadophis punctatus edwardsii (Merrem, 1820) Northern Ringneck Snake
NL honors George Edwards
OD Diadophis punctatus edwardsii (Merrem, 1820) - Tent. Syst. Amphib., p. 136

Diadophis punctatus modestus Bocourt, 1886 San Bernardino Ringneck Snake
L. modestus calm, modest, unpretentious —
OD Diadophis punctatus modestus Bocourt, 1886 - in Dumeril, Bocourt and Mocquard, Miss. Sci. Mex. et dans L'Amerique Centrale, Vol. 3, Pt. 10, p. 623

Diadophis punctatus occidentalis Blanchard, 1923 Northwestern Ringneck Snake
L. occidentalis western — prob. ref. distribution
OD Diadophis punctatus occidentalis Blanchard, 1923 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 142, p. 6

Diadophis punctatus pulchellus Baird and Girard, 1853 Coralbelly Ringneck Snake
L. pulcher beautiful and L. -ellus little —
OD Diadophis punctatus pulchellus Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 115

Diadophis punctatus punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Southern Ringneck Snake
L. punctatus dotted — ref. spotted belly of species
OD Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 376

Diadophis punctatus regalis Baird and Girard, 1853 Regal Ringneck Snake
L. regalis royal — ref. lack of occipital ring, poss. "royal" but "uncrowned"
OD Diadophis punctatus regalis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 115

Diadophis punctatus similis Blanchard, 1923 San Diego Ringneck Snake
L. similis like or similar to — poss. ref. similarity to other ringneck snakes
OD Diadophis punctatus similis Blanchard, 1923 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 142, p. 4

Diadophis punctatus stictogenys Cope, 1860 Mississippi Ringneck Snake
Gr. stiktos dotted and Gr. genys cheek or under jaw —
OD Diadophis punctatus stictogenys Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 250

Diadophis punctatus vandenburghi Blanchard, 1923 Monterey Ringneck Snake
NL honors John Van Denburgh
OD Diadophis punctatus vandenburgii Blanchard, 1923 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 142, p. 5 *[check spelling]*
Drymarchon Fitzinger, 1843 INDIGO SNAKES
Gr. drymos oak wood, forest and Gr. archos commander, chief — poss ref. large size of these snakes
OD Drymarchon Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 26

Drymarchon corais (Boie, 1827) Western Indigo Snake
Gr. corax dark as a raven or crow — poss. ref. anterior black color found on some adults
OD Drymarchon corais (Boie, 1827) - Isis, Vol. 20, p. 537

Drymarchon corais erebennus (Cope, 1860) Texas Indigo Snake
Gr. erebennus dark, like Erebus — ref. color pattern
OD Drymarchon corais erebennus (Cope, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 342, p. 564

Drymarchon couperi (Holbrook, 1842) Eastern Indigo Snake
NL honors James Hamilton Couper
OD Drymarchon couperi (Holbrook, 1842) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 3, p. 75, pl. 16
Drymobius Fitzinger, 1843 SPECKLED RACERS
Gr. drymos oak wood or forest and Gr. bios life, manner of living — ref. habitat
OD Drymobius Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 26

Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) Speckled Racer
L. margarita pearl and L. -iferus bearing — ref. dorsum "strewn with pearls"
OD Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) - Essai Physion. Serp., Pt. 2 [Partie descriptive], p. 184

Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) Northern Speckled Racer
L. margarita pearl and L. -iferus bearing — ref. dorsum "strewn with pearls"
OD Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) - Essai Physion. Serp., Pt. 2 [Partie descriptive], p. 184
Elaphe Fitzinger in Wagler, 1833 RAT SNAKES and FOX SNAKES
Gr. elaphos deer — misnomer, presumed swiftness
OD Elaphe Fitzinger in Wagler, 1833 - Descr. Icon. Amph., Pt. 3, text to plate 27

Elaphe bairdi (Yarrow, 1880) Baird's Rat Snake
NL honors Spencer Fullerton Baird
OD Elaphe bairdi (Yarrow, 1880) - in Cope, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 41

Elaphe emoryi (Baird and Girard, 1853) Great Plains Rat Snake (nominate subspecies "Northern Plains Rat Snake")
NL honors William H. Emory
OD Elaphe emoryi (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 157

Elaphe emoryi meahllmorum Smith, Chiszar, Staley and Tepedelen, 1994 South Plains Rat Snake
NL honors meahllmorum — eleven associates of the senior author
OD Elaphe emoryi meahllmorum Smith, Chiszar, Staley and Tepedelen. 1994. Texas Journal of Science, 46(3):259-292 [tc]

Elaphe gloydi Conant, 1940 Eastern Fox Snake
NL honors Howard Kay Gloyd
OD Elaphe gloydi Conant, 1940 - Herpetologica, Vol. 2, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, text fig. 1, map 1

Elaphe guttata (Linnaeus, 1766) Corn Snake
L. guttata splattered, spotted — ref. spotted or blotched pattern of species
OD Elaphe guttata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 385

Elaphe obsoleta (Say, 1823) Eastern Rat Snake
L. obsoleta dim, faded — ref. fading of juvenile pattern
OD Elaphe obsoleta (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 140

Elaphe obsoleta lindheimerii (Baird and Girard, 1853) Texas Rat Snake
NL honors Ferdinand J. Lindheimer
OD Elaphe obsoleta lindheimerii (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 74

Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta (Say, 1823) Black Rat Snake
L. obsoleta dim, faded — ref. fading of juvenile pattern
OD Elaphe obsoleta (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 140

Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata (Holbrook, 1836) Yellow Rat Snake
L. quadravittata wearing four stripes — ref. four dark longitudinal stripes on dorsum
OD Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 113, pl. 21

Elaphe obsoleta rossalleni Neill, 1949 Everglades Rat Snake
NL honors Ensil Ross Allen
OD Elaphe obsoleta rossalleni Neill, 1949 - Herpetologica, Vol. 5, Suppl. 2, p. 1

Elaphe obsoleta spiloides (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) Gray Rat Snake
Gr. spilos spot, blemish and Gr. -eidos similarity to a — ref. blotched pattern on dorsum
OD Elaphe obsoleta spiloides (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 7, Pt. 1, p. 269

Elaphe slowinskii Burbrink, 2002 Slowinski's Corn Snake
NL honors *BIO*(1962-2001) Joseph B. Slowinski
OD Elaphe slowinskii Burbrink, Frank T. 2002. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25(3): 465-476. [tc]

Elaphe subocularis (Brown, 1901)[:x]
L. sub below and L. oculus the eye and L. -aris having (something) — ref. lorilabial scales below eye on each side of head
OD Elaphe subocularis (Brown, 1901) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 53, p. 492, pl. 29

Elaphe vulpina (Baird and Girard, 1853) Western Fox Snake
L. vulpes fox and L. -ina little — honors Charles Fox
OD Elaphe vulpina (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 75
Farancia Gray, 1842 MUD SNAKE and RAINBOW SNAKE
nk coined name — ref. unknown - Gotch, 1986: Dr. J.E. Gray, Zoologist, British Museum Natural History, (1800-1875), "well known for inventing many apparently meaningless scientific names."
OD Farancia Gray, 1842 - Zool. Misc., p. 68
fasciata, Nerodia


Farancia abacura (Holbrook, 1836) Mud Snake
Gr. abakos abacus and Gr. oura tail — Baird and Girard, 1852: "blueish black w/subquadrate red spots...abdomen red with transverse or alternating blueish black irregular spots."
OD Farancia abacura (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 119, pl. 23

Farancia abacura abacura (Holbrook, 1836) Eastern Mud Snake
Gr. abakos abacus and Gr. oura tail — Baird and Girard, 1852: "blueish black w/subquadrate red spots...abdomen red w/transverse or alternating blueish black irregular spots."
OD Farancia abacura (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 119, pl. 23

Farancia abacura reinwardtii Schlegel, 1837 Western Mud Snake
NL honors Caspar G.C. Reinwardt
OD Farancia abacura reinwardtii Schlegel, 1837 - Essai Physion. Serp., Pt. 1 [Partie generale], p. 173

Farancia erytrogramma (Latreille, 1802) Rainbow Snake
Gr. erythros red and Gr. gramma written, marked or lined — ref. distibution of black pigment around red scales and longitudinal red stripes
OD Farancia erytrogramma (Palisot de Beauvois, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 3, p. 88

Farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma (Latreille, 1802) Rainbow Snake
Gr. erythros red and Gr. gramma written, marked or lined — ref. distibution of black pigment around red scales and longitudinal red stripes
OD Farancia erytrogramma (Palisot de Beauvois, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 3, p. 88

Farancia erytrogramma seminola Neill, 1964 South Florida Rainbow Snake
NL honors Seminole Native American group — type locality, Glades County, FL
OD Farancia erytrogramma seminola Neill, 1964 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 71, p. 270
Ficimia Gray, 1849 MEXICAN HOOKNOSE SNAKES
nk coined name — see Farancia
OD Ficimia Gray, 1849 - Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 80

Ficimia streckeri Taylor, 1931 Mexican Hooknose Snake
NL honors John K. Strecker, Jr.
OD Ficimia streckeri Taylor, 1931 - Copeia, p. 5
Gyalopion Cope, 1861 PLATEAU HOOKNOSE SNAKES
Gr. gyalopion small hollow — poss. ref. up-turned rostral with distinct concave dorsal surface.
OD Gyalopion Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 243

Gyalopion canum (Cope, 1861) Western Hooknose Snake
L. canum grey or whitish grey — poss. ref. color when preserved
OD Gyalopion canum (Cope, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 241, p. 243 (footnote)

Gyalopion quadrangularis (Gunther, 1893) Desert Hooknose Snake
L. quadrus four fold and L. angularis having angles or corners — ref. shape of dark dorsal blotches
OD Gyalopion quadrangularis (Gunther, 1893) - Biol. Centr. Amer. Rept. and Batr., p. 99, pl. 35, fig. A
Heterodon Latreille, 1801 HOGNOSE SNAKES
Gr. heteros different or other and Gr. odotos tooth — prob. ref. enlarged posterior maxillary teeth
OD Heterodon Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 32

Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Hognose Snake
NL nasica with a large or pointed nose — "The nasal is proportionally large"
OD Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 70

Heterodon nasicus gloydi Edgren, 1952 Dusty Hognose Snake
NL honors Howard Kay Gloyd
OD Heterodon nasicus gloydi Edgren, 1952 - Nat. Hist. Misc., Chgo. Acad. Sci., No. 112, p. 3

Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi Kennicott, 1860 Mexican Hognose Snake
NL honors Caleb B.R. Kennerly
OD Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 336

Heterodon nasicus nasicus Baird and Girard, 1852 Plains Hognose Snake
NL nasica with a large or pointed nose — "The nasal is proportionally large"
OD Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 70

Heterodon platirhinos Latreille, 1802 Eastern Hognose Snake
Gr. plati broad or flat and Gr. rhinos nose — ref. flat enlarged rostral scale on moderately upturned snout
OD Heterodon platirhinos Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 32

Heterodon simus (Linnaeus, 1766) Southern Hognose Snake
L. simus snub nosed — ref. markedly upturned rostral scale on snout
OD Heterodon simus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 375
Hypsiglena Cope, 1860 NIGHT SNAKES
Gr. hypsi on high and Gr. glenes eyeball — prob. ref. vertical pupil
OD Hypsiglena Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 246

Hypsiglena torquata (Gunther, 1860) Night Snake
L. torquata wearing a necklace —
OD Hypsiglena torquata (Gunther, 1860) - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. 5, p. 170, pl. 10, fig. A

Hypsiglena torquata deserticola Tanner, 1946 [1944] [:x]
L. deserticola inhabitant of a dry place — ref. habitat
OD Hypsiglena torquata deserticola Tanner, "1944" 1945 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 5, p. 59, pl. 1, 3, fig. 3, map

Hypsiglena torquata jani (Duges, 1865) Texas Night Snake
NL honors George Jan
OD Hypsiglena torquata jani (Duges, 1866) - Mem. Acad. Sci. Lett. Montpellier, Vol. 6, p. 32

Hypsiglena torquata klauberi Tanner, 1944 [:x]
NL honors Laurence M. Klauber
OD Hypsiglena torquata klauberi Tanner, "1944" 1945 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 5, p. 71, pl. 1, map

Hypsiglena torquata loreala Tanner, 1944 Mesa Verde Night Snake
L. loreus made of thongs, like a bridle or reins — poss. ref. to loreal area
OD Hypsiglena torquata loreala Tanner, "1944" 1945 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 5, p. 63, pl. 2, figs. 1, 8

Hypsiglena torquata nuchalata Tanner, 1943 California Night Snake
L. nucha neck and L. latus side — "pertaining to the side of the neck"
OD Hypsiglena torquata nuchalata Tanner, 1943 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 4, 1943, p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 2, map

Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha Cope, 1860 Spotted Night Snake
Gr. ochros/a pale, yellow-ochre and Gr. rhynchos snout —
OD Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhynchus Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 246
Lampropeltis Fitzinger, 1843 KINGSNAKES
Gr. lampros shiny and Gr. pelta shield — ref. smooth, shiny dorsal scales characteristic of this genus
OD Lampropeltis Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 25

Lampropeltis alterna (Brown, 1901) Gray-banded Kingsnake
L. alterna alternate — ref. coloration
OD Lampropeltis alterna (Brown, "1901" 1902) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 53, Feb. 6, 1902, p. 612

Lampropeltis calligaster (Harlan, 1827) Prairie Kingsnake
Gr. kallos beauty and Gr. gaster belly — poss. ref. to belly pattern and color
OD Lampropeltis calligaster (Harlan, 1827) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 359

Lampropeltis calligaster occipitolineata Price, 1987 South Florida Mole Kingsnake
L. occiput back of head and L. lineata lined or striped —
OD Lampropeltis calligaster occipitolineata Price, 1987 - Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc., Vol. 22, No. 9, p. 148

Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata (Holbrook, 1840) Mole Kingsnake
Gr. rhombos geometric figure and L. maculata spotted — Baird and Girard, 1852: "52 dorsal blotches... rhomboidal"
OD Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata (Holbrook, 1840) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, p. 103, pl. 20

Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766) Common Kingsnake
L. getulus area in N. Africa — poss. error in location data
OD Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 382

Lampropeltis getula californiae (Blainville, 1835) California Kingsnake
NL of the state of California — ref. range
OD Lampropeltis getula californiae (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 292, pl. 27, fig. 1

Lampropeltis getula floridana Blanchard, 1919 Florida Kingsnake
NL belonging to the state of Florida — ref. range
OD Lampropeltis getula floridana Blanchard, 1919 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 70, p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1

Lampropeltis getula getula (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Kingsnake
L. getulus area in N. Africa — poss. error in location data
OD Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 382

Lampropeltis getula holbrooki Stejneger, 1902 Speckled Kingsnake
NL honors John Edward Holbrook
OD Lampropeltis getula holbrooki Stejneger, 1902 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 25, p. 152

Lampropeltis getula nigra (Yarrow, 1882) Black Kingsnake
L. niger black — ref. dorsal coloration
OD Lampropeltis getula nigra (Yarrow, 1882) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 5, p. 438

Lampropeltis getula nigrita Zweifel and Norris, 1955 Black Desert Kingsnake
L. nigra black and L. -ita provided with — ref. uniform slaty black dorsal coloration
OD Lampropeltis getula nigrita Zweifel and Norris, 1955 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 54, p. 238

Lampropeltis getula splendida (Baird and Girard, 1853) Desert Kingsnake
L. splendida bright, shining, splendid — ref. pattern
OD Lampropeltis getula splendida (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 83

Lampropeltis getula sticticeps Barbour and Engels, 1942 [:x]
Gr. stiktos spotted and Gr. kephos head — ref. to light spots on head
OD Lampropeltis getula sticticeps Barbour and Engels, 1942 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 20, p. 101, pl. 16

Lampropeltis mexicana (Garman, 1884) [:x]
NL belonging to Mexico — ref. type locality near San Luis Potosi in Mexico, 1879
OD Lampropeltis mexicana (Garman, 1883) - Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 66

Lampropeltis pyromelana (Cope, 1867) Sonoran Mountain Kingsnake
Gr. pyrrh flame colored and Gr. melaina black — ref. red and black dorsal pattern
OD Lampropeltis pyromelana (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 305

Lampropeltis pyromelana infralabialis Tanner, 1953 [:x]
L. infra below and L. labialis of the lips — ref. diagnostic scale character in the infralabials.
OD Lampropeltis pyromelana infralabialis Tanner, 1953 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 13, No. 1-2, p. 56

Lampropeltis pyromelana pyromelana (Cope, 1867) Arizona Mountain Kingsnake
Gr. pyrrh flame colored and Gr. melaina black — ref. red and black dorsal pattern
OD Lampropeltis pyromelana (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 305

Lampropeltis pyromelana woodini Tanner, 1953 Huachuca Mountain Kingsnake
NL honors William H. Woodin
OD Lampropeltis pyromelana woodini Tanner, 1953 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 13, No. 1-2, p. 54

Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepede, 1788) Milk Snake
L. tri three and L. angulum angle or corner — ref. 3 angled feature pattern on head
OD Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepede, 1788) - Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., Vol. 2, tabl. meth., p. 86

Lampropeltis triangulum amaura Cope, 1860 Louisiana Milk Snake
Gr. amauros dark, dim —
OD Lampropeltis triangulum amaura Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 258

Lampropeltis triangulum annulata Kennicott, 1860 Mexican Milk Snake
L. annulata ringed — prob. ref. ringed pattern
OD Lampropeltis triangulum annulata Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 329

Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops Stejneger, 1903 New Mexico Milk Snake
Gr. kelainos black, dark and Gr. -ops of the face — ref. black color of head
OD Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops Stejneger, 1903 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 25, p. 153

Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides (Holbrook, 1838) Scarlet Kingsnake
NL elaps kind of serpent and NL -oides similarity to a — Coral Snakes originally genus Elaps, so refers to the similarity of this species' pattern and colors to coral snakes.
OD Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 2, p. 123, pl. 28

Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Central Plains Milk Snake
L. gentilis clansman, kinsman —
OD Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 90

Lampropeltis triangulum multistriata Kennicott, 1860 Pale Milk Snake
L. multus many and L. striata furrowed or grooved —
OD Lampropeltis triangulum multistriata Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 328

Lampropeltis triangulum syspila (Cope, 1888) Red Milk Snake
Gr. sys together and Gr. spilos spots —
OD Lampropeltis triangulum syspila (Cope, 1889) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 11, p. 384

Lampropeltis triangulum taylori Tanner and Loomis, 1957 Utah Milk Snake
NL honors Edward H. Taylor
OD Lampropeltis triangulum taylori Tanner and Loomis, 1957 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 60, p. 31

Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacepede, 1788) Eastern Milk Snake
L. tri three and L. angulum angle or corner — ref. three angled figure on head
OD Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepede, 1788) - Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., Vol. 2, tabl. meth., p. 86

Lampropeltis zonata (Blainville, 1835) California Mountain Kingsnake
Gr. zonata banded — ref. black banding
OD Lampropeltis zonata (Lockington, 1876 ex Blainville, 1835) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 52 ex Blainville, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris., Ser. 3, Vol. 4, p. 293

Lampropeltis zonata multicincta (Yarrow, 1882) Sierra Mountain Kingsnake
L. multi many and L. cincta banded — ref. banded dorsal pattern
OD Lampropeltis zonata multicincta (Yarrow, 1882) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 5, p. 440

Lampropeltis zonata multifasciata (Bocourt, 1886) Coast Mountain Kingsnake
L. multi many and L. fasciata bundled, banded — ref. banded dorsal pattern
OD Lampropeltis zonata multifasciata (Bocourt, 1886) - in Dumeril, Bocourt and Mocquard, Miss. Sci. Mex. et dans L'Amerique Centrale, Vol. 3, Pt. 10, p. 616

Lampropeltis zonata parvirubra Zweifel, 1952 San Bernardino Mountain Kingsnake
L. parvus little and L. rubra red, reddish —
OD Lampropeltis zonata parvirubra Zweifel, 1952 - Copeia, p. 160

Lampropeltis zonata pulchra Zweifel, 1952 San Diego Mountain Kingsnake
L. pulchra beautiful —
OD Lampropeltis zonata pulchra Zweifel, 1952 - Copeia, p. 162

Lampropeltis zonata zonata (Blainville, 1835) St. Helena Mountain Kingsnake
Gr. zonata banded — ref. black banding
OD Lampropeltis zonata (Lockington, 1876 ex Blainville, 1835) - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 52 ex Blainville, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris., Ser. 3, Vol. 4, p. 293
Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843 CAT-EYED SNAKES
Gr. leptos slender, thin and Gr. deire neck — ref. to head being distinct from neck
OD Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 27

Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott, 1859) Northern Cat-eyed Snake
L. septentrion north and L. -alis of the — prob. ref. area collected being north of the other Dipsas then known
OD Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott, 1859) - in Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 16, pl. 8, fig. 1
Leptotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843 BLIND SNAKES
Gr. leptos slender or thin and Gr. typhlos blind and Gr. ops eye — ref. small size, slender aspect and lack of functional eyes
OD Leptotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 24

Leptotyphlops dulcis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Texas Blind Snake
L. dulcis sweet — no specific reason in original description
OD Leptotyphlops dulcis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 142

Leptotyphlops dulcis dissectus (Cope, 1896) New Mexico Blind Snake
L. dis twice and L. sectus cleft — poss ref. to divided supralabial
OD Leptotyphlops dulcis dissectus (Cope, 1896) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 30, p. 753

Leptotyphlops dulcis dulcis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Plains Blind Snake
L. dulcis sweet — no specific reason in original description
OD Leptotyphlops dulcis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 142

Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Southwestern Blind Snake
L. humilis small or ground dwelling — no specific reason in original description
OD Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 143

Leptotyphlops humilis cahuilae Klauber, 1931 Desert Blind Snake
NL of Lake Cahuila — near the type locality, CA
OD Leptotyphlops humilis cahuilae Klauber, 1931 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 23, p. 339

Leptotyphlops humilis humilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) Southwestern Blind Snake
L. humilis small or ground dwelling — no specific reason in original description
OD Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 143

Leptotyphlops humilis segregus Klauber, 1939 Trans-Pecos Blind Snake
L. segregus separate, removed from another — ref. isolated geographical distribution
OD Leptotyphlops humilis segregus Klauber, 1939 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 9, No. 14a, p. 67

Leptotyphlops humilis utahensis Tanner, 1938 Utah Blind Snake
NL belonging to the state of Utah — type locality, Washington County, UT
OD Leptotyphlops humilis utahensis Tanner, 1938 - Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, Vol. 15, p. 149
Lichanura Cope, 1861 [:x]
Gr. lichanos forefinger and Gr. oura tail — poss. ref. body form or poss. ref. stumpy tail
OD Lichanura Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 304
Liochlorophis Oldham and Smith, 1991 SMOOTH GREEN SNAKE
Gr. leio smooth and Gr. chlor- green and Gr. ophis — smooth green snake
OD Liochlorophis Oldham and Smith, 1991 - Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc., Vol. 27, pages 201-215 (208). *[note: order of authors' names incorrect in CNAH checklist, Jan. 17, 2007]*

Liochlorophis vernalis (Harlan, 1827) Smooth Green Snake
L. vernalis pertaining to spring — Baird and Girard, 1852: "uniform green" or ref. presumed seasonal activity period; formerly Opheodrys
OD Liochlorophis vernalis (Harlan, 1827) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 361
Masticophis Baird and Girard, 1853 WHIPSNAKES
Gr. mastix whip and Gr. ophis snake — ref. body shape and braided appearance of tail
OD Masticophis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 98

Masticophis bilineatus Jan, 1863 Sonoran Whipsnake
L. bi two and L. lineatus lined — ref. 2 striped dorsal pattern
OD Masticophis bilineatus Jan, 1863 - Elenco Sist. Ofidi, p. 65

Masticophis bilineatus bilineatus Jan, 1863 Sonoran Whipsnake
L. bi two and L. lineatus lined — ref. 2 striped dorsal pattern
OD Masticophis bilineatus Jan, 1863 - Elenco Sist. Ofidi, p. 65

Masticophis bilineatus lineolatus Hensley, 1950 [:x]
L. lineus to make straight and L. latus side — ref. additional lateral stripe not found in nominate race
OD Masticophis bilineatus lineolatus Hensley, 1950 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 53, p. 272

Masticophis flagellum (Shaw, 1802) Coachwhip
L. flagellum whip — ref. body shape and braided look of tail
OD Masticophis flagellum (Shaw, 1802) - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, p. 475

Masticophis flagellum cingulum Lowe and Woodin, 1954 Sonoran Coachwhip
L. cingulum collar or girdle — "a single outstanding light band crossing the nape" (of the neck)
OD Masticophis flagellum cingulum Lowe and Woodin, 1954 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 67, p. 247

Masticophis flagellum flagellum (Shaw, 1802) Eastern Coachwhip
L. flagellum whip — ref. body shape and braided look of tail
OD Masticophis flagellum (Shaw, 1802) - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, p. 475

Masticophis flagellum fuliginosus (Cope, 1895) Baja California Coachwhip
L. fuligo soot or black and L. -osus fullness of —
OD Masticophis flagellum fuliginosus (Cope, 1895) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 679

Masticophis flagellum lineatulus Smith, 1941 Lined Coachwhip
L. lineatus lined and L. -ulus little — prob. ref. faint longitudinal stripes
OD Masticophis flagellum lineatulus Smith, 1941 - Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 31, No. 9, p. 394

Masticophis flagellum piceus (Cope, 1892) Red Coachwhip
L. piceus pitch black — ref. black morph of subspecies
OD Masticophis flagellum piceus (Cope, 1892) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 14, p. 625

Masticophis flagellum ruddocki Brattstrom and Warren, 1953 San Joaquin Coachwhip
NL honors John C. Ruddock
OD Masticophis flagellum ruddocki Brattstrom and Warren, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, p. 177

Masticophis flagellum testaceus (Say, 1823) Western Coachwhip
L. testa tile or brick and L. -aceus having the nature or color of — "Body above, pale sanguineousor testaceous..."
OD Masticophis flagellum testaceus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 2, p. 48

Masticophis lateralis (Hallowell, 1853) Striped Racer
L. lateralis of the side — ref. lateral stripes
OD Masticophis lateralis (Hallowell, 1853) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 237

Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus (Riemer, 1954) Alameda Striped Racer
Gr. eurys broad or wide and Gr. xanthos yellow — ref. red and orange striping
OD Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus (Riemer, 1954) - Copeia, p. 45

Masticophis lateralis lateralis (Hallowell, 1853) California Striped Racer
L. lateralis of the side — ref. lateral stripes
OD Masticophis lateralis (Hallowell, 1853) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 237

Masticophis schotti Baird and Girard, 1853 Schott's Whipsnake
NL honors Arthur C.V. Schott
OD Masticophis schotti Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 160

Masticophis schotti ruthveni Ortenburger, 1923 Ruthven's Whipsnake
NL honors Alexander G. Ruthven
OD Masticophis schotti ruthveni Ortenburger, 1923 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 139, p. 3, pl. 1-3

Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) Striped Whipsnake
L. taeniatus striped — ref. ribbon-like striped pattern
OD Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 181

Masticophis taeniatus girardi (Stejneger and Barbour, 1917) Central Texas Whipsnake
NL honors Charles F. Girard
OD Masticophis taeniatus girardi (Stejneger and Barbour, 1917) - Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., Ed. 1, p. 80

Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) Desert Striped Whipsnake
L. taeniatus striped — ref. ribbon-like striped pattern
OD Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 181
Micruroides Schmidt, 1928 WESTERN CORAL SNAKE
Gr. mikros small and Gr. oura tail and Gr. -oides similarity to== ref. similarity to Micrurus
OD Micruroides Schmidt, 1928 - Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 63

Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) Western Coral Snake
Gr. eurys wide or broad and Gr. xanthos yellow — ref. wide white dorsal bands; presume author thought white was yellow in life.
OD Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 337

Micruroides euryxanthus euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) Arizona Coral Snake
Gr. eurys wide or broad and Gr. xanthos yellow — ref. wide white dorsal bands; presume author thought white was yellow in life.
OD Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 337
Micrurus Wagler, 1824 EASTERN CORAL SNAKE
Gr. mikros small and Gr. oura tail — ref. size of tail
OD Micrurus Wagler, 1824 - in Spix, Serp. Brazil, p. 48

Micrurus fulvius (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Coral Snake
L. fulvus orange-yellow, tawny — ref. color of 1/2 faded preserved specimen in which coral red turned yellowish
OD Micrurus fulvius (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 381

Micrurus tener (Baird and Girard, 1853) Texas Coral Snake
L. tenerum tender, delicate or soft — "it is a more slender snake" with ref. to fulvius
OD Micrurus tener (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, pp. 22 and 156
Nerodia Baird and Girard, 1853 WATER SNAKES
Gr. honors Nereis, a Greek sea nymph
OD Nerodia Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 47

Nerodia clarkii (Baird and Girard, 1853) Gulf Salt Marsh Snake
NL honors John H. Clark
OD Nerodia clarkii (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 48

Nerodia clarkii compressicauda Kennicott, 1860 Mangrove Salt Marsh Snake
L. compressus pressed together and L. cauda tail — ref. relatively compressed tail
OD Nerodia clarki compressicauda Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 335

Nerodia clarkii taeniata (Cope, 1895) Atlantic Salt Marsh Snake
L. taenia a band or stripe and L. -iata having or bearing —
OD Nerodia clarki taeniata (Cope, 1895) - Amer. Nat., 29, p. 676

Nerodia cyclopion (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) Mississippi Green Water Snake
Gr. kyklopion Cyclops a small one-eyed giant
OD Nerodia cyclopion (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 7, Pt. 1, p. 576

Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) Plainbelly Water Snake
Gr. erythros red and Gr. gaster belly — ref. red belly of nominate subspecies
OD Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) - in Bossu, "Travels through that part of N. America formerly called Louisiana," Vol. 1, p. 364, n

Nerodia erythrogaster erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) Redbelly Water Snake
Gr. erythros red and Gr. gaster belly — ref. red belly of nominate subspecies
OD Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) - in Bossu, "Travels through that part of N. America formerly called Louisiana," Vol. 1, p. 364, n

Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Conant, 1949) Yellowbelly Water Snake
L. flavus yellow and Gr. gaster belly — ref. yellow color of belly
OD Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Conant, 1949) - Copeia, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 3

Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta (Conant, 1949) Copperbelly Water Snake
L. neglecta not chosen or neglected — ref. long time this taxon was overlooked
OD Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta (Conant, 1949) - Copeia, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 1

Nerodia erythrogaster transversa (Hallowell, 1852) Blotched Water Snake
L. transversa sideways — ref. transverse row of oblong bars on sides
OD Nerodia erythrogaster transversa (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177

Nerodia fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) Banded Water Snake
L. fasciata banded — ref. banded pattern on dorsum
OD Nerodia fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 378

Nerodia fasciata confluens (Blanchard, 1923) Broad-Banded Water Snake
L. con together and L. fluens flowing — ref. pattern or geographical location of two streams flowing together
OD Nerodia fasciata confluens (Blanchard, 1923) - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 140, p. 1

Nerodia fasciata fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) Banded Water Snake
L. fasciata banded — ref. banded pattern on dorsum
OD Nerodia fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 378

Nerodia fasciata pictiventris (Cope, 1895) Florida Water Snake
L. pictus painted, embroidered and L. ventris of the belly — ref. pattern and coloration of belly
OD Nerodia fasciata pictiventris (Cope, 1895) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 677

Nerodia floridana (Goff, 1936) Florida Green Water Snake
NL belonging to the state of Florida — ref. range
OD Nerodia floridana (Goff, 1936) - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 327, p. 1

Nerodia harteri (Trapido, 1941) Brazos Water Snake
NL honors Philip Harter
OD Nerodia harteri (Trapido, 1941) - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 25, p. 673

Nerodia paucimaculata (Tinkle and Conant, 1961) Concho Water Snake
L. paucis few and L. maculata spotted — ref. reduced spotting on venter
OD Nerodia paucimaculata (Tinkle and Conant, 1961) - Southwest. Natur., Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 34

Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852) Diamondback Water Snake
Gr. rhombos rectagular shape and L. -ifera bearing — ref. diamond shaped dorsal pattern
OD Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177

Nerodia sipedon (Linnaeus, 1758) Northern Water Snake
Gr. sepedon rottenness, decay; a serpent whose bite causes mortification
OD Nerodia sipedon (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 219

Nerodia sipedon insularum (Conant and Clay, 1937) Lake Erie Water Snake
L. insularum of the islands — ref. range, restricted to Lake Erie Islands
OD Nerodia sipedon insularum (Conant and Clay, 1937) - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 346, p. 1

Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Cope, 1892) Midland Water Snake
Gr. pleura a rib or the side and L. -alis of the — ref. prominent bands on side of body
OD Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Cope, 1892) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 14, p. 672

Nerodia sipedon williamengelsi (Conant and Lazell, 1973) Carolina Water Snake
NL honors William L. Engels
OD Nerodia sipedon williamengelsi (Conant and Lazell, 1973) - Brevoria, Mus. Comp. Zool. [Harvard], No. 400, p. 3

Nerodia taxispilota (Holbrook, 1838) Brown Water Snake
Gr. taxis regular arrangement and Gr. spilos spot, stain — ref. dorsal pattern
OD Nerodia taxispilota (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 2, p. 113, pl. 25
Opheodrys Fitzinger, 1843 ROUGH GREEN SNAKE
Gr. opheos a snake and Gr. drymos oak wood, forest — ref. arboreal habits
OD Opheodrys Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 26

Opheodrys aestivus (Linnaeus, 1766) Rough Green Snake
L. aestivus pertaining to summer — ref. presumed seasonal activity period
OD Opheodrys aestivus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 387

Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi Grobman, 1941 [:x]
NL honors Frank N. Blanchard
OD Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi Grobman, 1941 - Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 50, p. 11, figs. 1, 2, map 1
Oxybelis Wagler, 1830 NEOTROPICAL VINE SNAKES
Gr. oxys sharp, keen or quick and Gr. belos arrow or dart — prob. ref. head shape
OD Oxybelis Wagler, 1830 - Nat. Syst. Amph., p. 183

Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) Mexican Vine Snake
L. aeneus of bronze or copper — ref. bronze-like dorsal pigmentation
OD Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) - in Spix, Serp. Bras., p. 12, pl. 3
Pelamis Daudin, 1803 PELAGIC SEA SNAKE
Gr. pelamis tunny fish — pres. ref habitat or what Daudin thought they ate
OD Pelamis Daudin, 1803 - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 7, p. 357

Pelamis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) Yellowbelly Sea Snake
Gr. platys flat and Gr. oura tail — prob. ref. flattened tail, very different than terrestrial snakes
OD Pelamis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 391
Phyllorhynchus Stejneger, 1890 LEAFNOSE SNAKES
Gr. phyllon leaf and Gr. rhunkos beak or snout — ref. nose shield which "resembles a thick leaf"
OD Phyllorhynchus Stejneger, 1890 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 13, p. 151

Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger, 1890 Saddled Leafnose Snake
NL honors Herbert Brown
OD Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger, 1890 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 13, p. 152

Phyllorhynchus browni lucidus Klauber, 1940 [:x]
L. lucidus clear, shining, bright —
OD Phyllorhynchus browni lucidus Klauber, 1940 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 9, No. 20, p. 202, pl. 8, fig. 2

Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (Cope, 1868) Spotted Leafnose Snake
L. decurtatus having been cut short —
OD Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (Cope, 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 20, p. 310

Phyllorhynchus decurtatus nubilis Klauber, 1940 [:x]
L. nubilis cloudy —
OD Phyllorhynchus decurtatus nubilis Klauber, 1940 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 9, No. 20, p. 197, pl. 8, fig. 1

Phyllorhynchus decurtatus perkinsi Klauber, 1935 [:x]
L. honors C.B. Perkins
OD Phyllorhynchus decurtatus perkinsi Klauber, 1935 - Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego, No. 12, p. 11
Pituophis Holbrook, 1842 BULL, GOPHER and PINE SNAKES
Gr. pitys pine and Gr. ophis snake — poss. ref. to habitat of nominate subspecies on U.S. east coast
OD Pituophis Holbrook, 1842 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 4, p. 7

Pituophis catenifer (Blainville, 1835) Gopher Snake
L. catena chain and L. -ifera bearing — ref. dorsal pattern
OD Pituophis catenifer (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 290, pl. 26, figs. 2-2b

Pituophis catenifer affinis (Hallowell, 1852) Sonoran Gopher Snake
L. affinis related or adjacent — poss. ref. distribution relative to another species
OD Pituophis catenifer affinis Hallowell, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 181

Pituophis catenifer annectens Baird and Girard, 1853 San Diego Gopher Snake
L. annectens joining or connecting — poss. ref. distribution relative to another species
OD Pituophis catenifer annectens Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 72

Pituophis catenifer catenifer (Blainville, 1835) Pacific Gopher Snake
L. catena chain and L. -ifera bearing — ref. dorsal pattern
OD Pituophis catenifer (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 290, pl. 26, figs. 2-2b

Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger, 1893 Great Basin Gopher Snake
L. desert dry place and L.-icola inhabitant of — ref. presumed habitat
OD Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 206

Pituophis catenifer pumilis Klauber, 1942 Santa Cruz Gopher Snake
L. pumilus diminuitive or dwarfish —
OD Pituophis catenifer pumilis Klauber, 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, p. 41, pl. 3

Pituophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel, 1837) Bullsnake
NL honors Thomas Say
OD Pituophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel, 1837) - Essai Physion. Serp., Pt. 2 [Partie descriptive], p. 157

Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) Eastern Pine Snake
Gr. melaina black and Gr. leukos white — ref. color pattern of nominate subspecies
OD Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 6, p. 409

Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi Blanchard, 1924 Black Pine Snake
NL honors Henry Peder Loding
OD Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi Blanchard, 1924 - Papers Michigan Acad. Sci. Arts Letters, Vol. 4, p. 531

Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) Northern Pine Snake
Gr. melaina black and Gr. leukos white — ref. to color pattern of nominate subspecies
OD Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 6, p. 409

Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus Barbour, 1921 Florida Pine Snake
L. mugitus bellowing or roaring — poss. ref. loud hissing noise made by all members of genus
OD Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus Barbour, 1921 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 7, p. 117

Pituophis ruthveni Stull, 1929 Louisiana Pine Snake
NL honors Alexander G. Ruthven
OD Pituophis ruthveni Stull, 1929 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 205, p. 1
Regina Baird and Girard, 1853 CRAYFISH SNAKES
L. regina queen —
OD Regina Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 45

Regina alleni (Garman, 1874) Striped Crayfish Snake
NL honors Joel A. Allen
OD Regina alleni (Garman, 1874) - Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 17, p. 92

Regina grahamii Baird and Girard, 1853 Graham's Crayfish Snake
NL honors James D. Graham
OD Regina grahamii Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 47

Regina rigida (Say, 1825) Glossy Crayfish Snake
L. rigidus stiff —
OD Regina rigida (Say, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 239

Regina rigida deltae (Huheey, 1959) Delta Crayfish Snake
L. deltae of the delta — ref. MS river delta habitat
OD Regina rigida deltae (Huheey, 1959) - Copeia, p. 305

Regina rigida sinicola (Huheey, 1959) Gulf Crayfish Snake
L. sinus bay of sea and L. -icola inhabitant of — ref. habitat in Gulf of Mexico
OD Regina rigida sinicola (Huheey, 1959) - Copeia, p. 305

Regina septemvittata (Say, 1825) Queen Snake
L. septem seven and L. vittata banded, striped w/ribbon — misnomer, not banded; 4 brown stripes present ventrolaterally
OD Regina septemvittata (Say, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 240
Rhadinaea Cope, 1863 PINE WOOD SNAKES
Gr. rhadinos slender, slim or delicate — an appropriate description of this genus
OD Rhadinaea Cope, 1863 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 101

Rhadinaea flavilata (Cope, 1871) Pine Woods Snake
L. flavus yellow-gold colored and L. lata wide or broad —
OD Rhadinaea flavilata (Cope, 1871) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 23, p. 222
Rhinocheilus Baird and Girard, 1853 LONGNOSE SNAKE
Gr. rhinos nose or snout and Gr. cheilo lip — "Rostral prominent forwards, rounded beneath, tapering upwards"
OD Rhinocheilus Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 120

Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard, 1853 Longnose Snake (nominate subspecies "Western Longnose Snake")
NL honors John L. Le Conte
OD Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 120

Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus Garman, 1883 Texas Longnose Snake
L. tessela tile, mosaic stone and L. latus side — ref. checkered appearance of the dorsal pattern
OD Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus Garman, 1883 - Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 74
Salvadora Baird and Girard, 1853 PATCHNOSE SNAKES
L. salvus whole, sound, well preserved and L. dura hide or skin — "body covered w/smooth scales"
OD Salvadora Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 104

Salvadora deserticola Schmidt, 1940 Big Bend Patchnose Snake
L. desert dry place and L. -icola inhabitant of — "associated with the west Texan creosote bush desert"
OD Salvadora deserticola Schmidt, 1940 - Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Series, Vol. 24, No. 12, p. 146, fig. 14

Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard, 1853 Mountain Patchnose Snake
NL honors James D. Graham
OD Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 104

Salvadora grahamiae lineata Schmidt, 1940 Texas Patchnose Snake
L. lineata lined or striped — ref. wel defined lateral line
OD Salvadora grahamiae lineata Schmidt, 1940 - Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Series, Vol. 24, No. 12, p. 148, fig. 15

Salvadora hexalepis (Cope, 1866) Western Patchnose Snake
Gr. hex six and Gr. lepisma scale — ref. 6th supralabial reaching the eye in the holotype
OD Salvadora hexalepis (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 304

Salvadora hexalepis hexalepis (Cope, 1866) Desert Patchnose Snake
Gr. hex six and Gr. lepisma scale — ref. 6th supralabial reaching the eye in the holotype
OD Salvadora hexalepis (Cope, "1866" 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 304

Salvadora hexalepis mohavensis Bogert, 1945 Mojave Patchnose Snake
NL belonging to the Mohave Desert — ref. habitat
OD Salvadora hexalepis mohavensis Bogert, 1945 - Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 1285, p. 6, fig. 9, 10

Salvadora hexalepis virgultea Bogert, 1935 Coast Patchnose Snake
L. virgultea underbrush, chapparel — ref. southern CA brush or chapparal habitat
OD Salvadora hexalepis virgultea Bogert, 1935 - Bull. S. California Acad. Sci., Vol. 34, Pt. 1, p. 89
Seminatrix Cope, 1895 SWAMP SNAKES
L. semi half and L. natrix water snake — modern usage would render "sort-of a water snake"
OD Seminatrix Cope, 1895 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 29, p. 678

Seminatrix pygaea (Cope, 1871) Black Swamp Snake
L. pygaea of the rear, rump — ref. hump-like deformity of type
OD Seminatrix pygaea (Cope, 1871) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 23, p. 223

Seminatrix pygaea cyclas Dowling, 1950 South Florida Swamp Snake
Gr. kyklas of a circle —
OD Seminatrix pygaea cyclas Dowling, 1950 - Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 76, p. 14, map 1

Seminatrix pygaea paludis Dowling, 1950 Carolina Swamp Snake
L. paludis of the marsh — ref. habitat
OD Seminatrix pygaea paludis Dowling, 1950 - Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 76, p. 12, map 1

Seminatrix pygaea pygaea (Cope, 1871) North Florida Swamp Snake
L. pygaea of the rear, rump — ref. hump-like deformity of type
OD Seminatrix pygaea (Cope, 1871) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 23, p. 223
Senticolis Dowling and Fries, 1987 Mountain Rat Snake
L. sentis thorn or bramble and L. colus penis — ref. to the large spines on its hemipenis
OD Senticolis Dowling and Fries, 1987 - Herpetologica, Vol. 43, p. 202

Senticolis triaspis (Cope, 1866) Green Rat Snake
Gr. tri three and Gr. aspis shield, viper, asp —
OD Senticolis triaspis (Cope, 1866) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 128

Senticolis triaspis intermedia (Boettger, 1883) Green Rat Snake
L. inter between and L. media half, middle —
OD Senticolis triaspis intermedia (Boettger, 1883) - Ber. Offenbach. Ver. Naturk., Vol. 22-23, p. 148
Sistrurus Garman, 1883 PIGMY RATTLESNAKES
L. sistrum rattle and Gr. oura tail — ref. rattle on tail; typical of all members of genus
OD Sistrurus Garman, 1883 - Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 110

Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) Massasauga
L. catenatus chained or chain-like — ref. central row of blotches
OD Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) - Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, Nov. p. 41

Sistrurus catenatus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) Eastern Massasauga
L. catenatus chained or chain-like — ref. central row of blotches
OD Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) - Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, Nov. p. 41

Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii (Baird and Girard, 1853) Desert Massasauga
NL honors L.A. Edwards
OD Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 15

Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus (Say, 1823) Western Massasauga
L. tergeminus triple or threefold — ref. 3 rows of spots
OD Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 499

Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) Pigmy Rattlesnake
L. miliarius millet or millet-like — poss. ref. blotched pattern or color
OD Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 372

Sistrurus miliarius barbouri Gloyd, 1935 Dusky Pigmy Rattlesnake
NL honors Thomas Barbour
OD Sistrurus miliarius barbouri Gloyd, 1935 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 322, p. 2

Sistrurus miliarius miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) Carolina Pigmy Rattlesnake
L. miliarius millet or millet-like — poss ref. blotched pattern or color
OD Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 372

Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Gloyd, 1935 Western Pigmy Rattlesnake
NL honors John K. Strecker, Jr.
OD Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Gloyd, 1935 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 322, p. 4
Sonora Baird and Girard, 1853 GROUND SNAKES
NL sonora region of Sonora — type collected in Sonora, Mexico
OD Sonora Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 117

Sonora semiannulata Baird and Girard, 1853 Ground Snake
L. semi half and L. annulata ringed — ref. body cross bands which fail to cross the venter
OD Sonora semiannulata Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 117
Stilosoma Brown, 1890 SHORT-TAILED SNAKE
Gr. stylos pillar, column and Gr. soma body of the body — ref. elongated cylindrical structure
OD Stilosoma Brown, 1890 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 42, p. 199

Stilosoma extenuatum Brown, 1890 Short-tailed Snake
L. extenuatum thin, slender — ref. slender, cylindrical body
OD Stilosoma extenuatum Brown, 1890 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 42, p. 199
Storeria Baird and Girard, 1853 BROWN SNAKES
NL honors David H. Storer
OD Storeria Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 135

Storeria dekayi (Holbrook, "1836" ? 1839) Northern Brown Snake
NL honors James E. DeKay
OD Storeria dekayi (Holbrook, "1836" ? 1839) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, "1836", prob. 1839, p. 121, pl. 24

Storeria dekayi limnetes Anderson, 1961 Marsh Brown Snake
Gr. limnetes living in marshes — prob. ref. habitat
OD Storeria dekayi limnetes Anderson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 66, p. 246

Storeria dekayi texana Trapido, 1944 Texas Brown Snake
NL belonging to the state of Texas — ref. portion of known range
OD Storeria dekayi texana Trapido, 1944 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 31, p. 63, figs. 45-50, map 3

Storeria dekayi victa Hay, 1892 Florida Brown Snake
L. victa victim — ref. fact holotype recovered from stomach of a coral snake
OD Storeria dekayi victa Hay, 1892 - Science, Ser. 1, Vol. 19, p. 199

Storeria dekayi wrightorum Trapido, 1944 Midland Brown Snake
NL honors Albert H. and Anna A. Wright
OD Storeria dekayi wrightorum Trapido, 1944 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 31, p. 57, figs. 38-44, map 3

Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) Redbelly Snake
L. occiput back of head and L. maculata spotted — Baird and Girard, 1852: "3 distinct light colored spots behind the head"
OD Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) - Rep. Fish. Rept. Birds Massachusetts, p. 230

Storeria occipitomaculata obscura Trapido, 1944 Florida Redbelly Snake
L. obscura dusky —
OD Storeria occipitomaculata obscura Trapido, 1944 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 31, p. 33, figs. 14-20, map 2

Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) Northern Redbelly Snake
L. occiput back of head and L. maculata spotted — Baird and Girard, 1852: "3 distinct light colored spots behind the head"
OD Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) - Rep. Fish. Rept. Birds Massachusetts, p. 230

Storeria occipitomaculata pahasapae Smith, 1963 Black Hills Redbelly Snake
NL honors Pahasapae Native American group — ref. residents of Black Hills, SD
OD Storeria occipitomaculata pahasapae Smith, 1963 - Herpetologica, Vol. 19, p. 17 [tc]
Tantilla Baird and Girard, 1853 BLACKHEAD, FLATHEAD and CROWNED SNAKES
L. tantillum so small a thing — ref. small size
OD Tantilla Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 131

Tantilla atriceps (Gunther, 1895) Mexican Blackhead Snake
L. atritas black and NL ceps head — ref. distinctive black head cap
OD Tantilla atriceps (Gunther, 1895) - Biol. Centr. Amer. Rept. and Batr., p. 146, pl. 52, fig. B

Tantilla coronata Baird and Girard, 1853 Southeastern Crowned Snake
L. coronata crowned — "Head w/a blackish brown half ring"
OD Tantilla coronata Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 131

Tantilla cucullata Minton, 1956 Big Bend Blackhead Snake
L. cucullata hooded — "referring to the form of the black head pigmentation" similar to hood worn by old time judges. Honors Dr. S.A. Minton's father, who was a Supreme Court justice.
OD Tantilla cucullata Minton, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chgo. Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 39, p. 449

Tantilla gracilis Baird and Girard, 1853 Flathead Snake
L. gracilis graceful, slender — no specific reason given
OD Tantilla gracilis Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 132

Tantilla hobartsmithi Taylor, "1936" [1937] Southwestern Blackhead Snake
NL honors Hobart M. Smith
OD Tantilla hobartsmithi Taylor, "1936" 1937 - Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 39, p. 340

Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott, 1860 Plain Blackhead Snake
L. niger black and NL ceps head — ref. distinctive black head cap
OD Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 328

Tantilla oolitica Telford, 1966 Rim Rock Crowned Snake
Gr. oon egg and Gr. lithos rock — ref. habitat: found in pineland and tropical hammock on oolitic limestone
OD Tantilla oolitica Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 281

Tantilla planiceps (Blainville, 1835) Western Blackhead Snake
L. planus flat and NL ceps head — ref. flattened head
OD Tantilla planiceps (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 294, pl. 27, figs. 3-3b

Tantilla relicta Telford, 1966 Florida Crowned Snake
L. relicta remainder, abandoned — ref. prob. origin as relict species
OD Tantilla relicta Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 270

Tantilla relicta neilli Telford, 1966 Central Florida Crowned Snake
NL honors Wilfred T. Neill, Jr.
OD Tantilla relicta neilli Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 279

Tantilla relicta pamlica Telford, 1966 Coastal Dunes Crowned Snake
NL Pamlico Terrace — ref. geological designation of its habitat
OD Tantilla relicta pamlica Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 280

Tantilla relicta relicta Telford, 1966 Peninsula Crowned Snake
L. relicta remainder, abandoned — ref. prob. origin as relict species
OD Tantilla relicta Telford, 1966 - Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci., Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 270

Tantilla rubra Cope, 1875 [:x]
L. rubra red — JTC - misnomer
OD Tantilla rubra Cope, 1875 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 8, p. 144

Tantilla rubra diabola Fouquette and Potter, 1961 [:x]
Gr. diabolos a devil — ref. type locality, Devil's River, TX
OD Tantilla rubra diabola Fouquette and Potter, 1961 - Copeia, p. 144

Tantilla wilcoxi Stejneger, 1902 Chihuahuan Blackhead Snake
NL honors Timothy E. Wilcox
OD Tantilla wilcoxi Stejneger, 1902 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 25, p. 156

Tantilla yaquia Smith, 1942 Yaqui Blackhead Snake
NL Yaqui Native American group — ref. residents of its Sonoran Desert habitat
OD Tantilla yaquia Smith, 1942 - Zoologica, Vol. 27, p. 41
Thamnophis Fitzinger, 1843 GARTER SNAKES
Gr. thamnos shrub or bush and Gr. ophis snake, serpent —
OD Thamnophis Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 26

Thamnophis atratus (Kennicott, 1860) Santa Cruz Garter Snake
L. atratus clothed in black, mourning — ref. dorsal color
OD Thamnophis atratus (Kennicott, 1860) - in Cooper, Expl. Surv. R.R. Miss. Pacific, Vol. 12, Book 2, Pt. 3, No. 4, p. 296

Thamnophis atratus hydrophilus (Fitch, 1936) Oregon Garter Snake
Gr. hydor water and Gr. philus loving — ref. aquatic proclivities
OD Thamnophis atratus hydrophilus Fitch, 1936 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 17, p. 648

Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope, 1892) Shorthead Garter Snake
Gr. brachys short and Gr. stoma mouth —
OD Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope, 1892) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 26, p. 964

Thamnophis butleri (Cope, 1889) Butler's Garter Snake
NL honors Amos W. Butler
OD Thamnophis butleri (Cope, 1889) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 11, p. 399

Thamnophis couchii (Kennicott, 1859) Western Aquatic Garter Snake
NL honors Darius N. Couch
OD Thamnophis couchii (Kennicott, 1859) - U.S. Pacif. R.R. Surv., Vol. 10, Pt. 4, p. 10

Thamnophis couchii aquaticus Fox, 1951 [:x]
L. aquaticus aquatic — ref. aquatic habitat
OD Thamnophis couchii aquaticus Fox, 1951 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 50, p. 493, fig. 2

Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) Blackneck Garter Snake
Gr. cyrto curved and Gr. -opsis having the appearance of — ref. posterior curvature of black nuchal splotches
OD Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 333

Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) Western Blackneck Garter Snake
Gr. cyrto curved and Gr. -opsis having the appearance of — ref. posterior curvature of black nuchal splotches
OD Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 333

Thamnophis cyrtopsis ocellatus (Cope, 1880) Eastern Blackneck Garter Snake
L. ocellatus spotted as with little eyes — ref. pattern on side of the neck
OD Thamnophis cyrtopsis ocellatus (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 22

Thamnophis elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853) Western Terrestrial Garter Snake
L. elegans fine or elegant — "delicately carinated"
OD Thamnophis elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 34

Thamnophis elegans arizonaeTanner and Lowe, 1989 Arizona Garter Snake
NL of Arizona — poss. ref. range
OD Thamnophis elegans arizonae Tanner and Lowe, 1989 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 49, No. 4, p. 512

Thamnophis elegans biscutatus (Cope, 1883) [:x]
L. bis two and L. scutatus scales or plates — ref. horizontally divided preocular
OD Thamnophis elegans biscutatus (Cope, 1883) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 35, p. 21

Thamnophis elegans elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853) Mountain Garter Snake
L. elegans fine or elegant — "delicately carinated"
OD Thamnophis elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 34

Thamnophis elegans terrestris Fox, 1951 Coast Garter Snake
L. terrestris of the earth — prob. ref. habitat
OD Thamnophis elegans terrestris Fox, 1951 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 50, p. 499, fig. 3

Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Baird and Girard, 1853) Wandering Garter Snake
L. vagrans wandering — Yarrow, 1875: "rightly called from its wide range"
OD Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 35

Thamnophis elegans vascotanneri Tanner and Lowe, 1989 Upper Basin Garter Snake
NL honors Vasco Myron Tanner
OD Thamnophis elegans vascotanneri Tanner and Lowe, 1989 - Great Basin Nat., Vol. 49, No. 4, p. 514

Thamnophis eques (Reuss, 1834) Mexican Garter Snake
L. eques horseman, knight —
OD Thamnophis eques (Reuss, 1834) - Mus. Senckenberg. Abh., Vol. 1, p. 152, pl. 8, fig. 2

Thamnophis eques megalops (Kennicott, 1860) Northern Mexican Garter Snake
Gr. megas great and Gr. ops eye — prob. ref. appearance
OD Thamnophis eques megalops (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 330

Thamnophis gigas Fitch, 1940 Giant Garter Snake
L. gigas giant, immense — ref. relatively large size
OD Thamnophis gigas Fitch, 1940 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 44, p. 69

Thamnophis hammondii (Kennicott, 1860) Two-striped Garter Snake
NL honors William A. Hammond
OD Thamnophis hammondii (Kennicott, 1860) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 332

Thamnophis marcianus (Baird and Girard, 1853) Checkered Garter Snake (nominate subspecies "Marcy's Checkered Garter Snake")
NL honors Randolph B. Marcy
OD Thamnophis marcianus (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 36

Thamnophis ordinoides (Baird and Girard, 1852) Northwestern Garter Snake
NL ordinoides similar to T. ordinatus — Baird and Girard compared this to a species now called T. sirtalis
OD Thamnophis ordinoides (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 176

Thamnophis proximus (Say, 1823) Western Ribbon Snake
L. proximus next, nearest —
OD Thamnophis proximus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 187

Thamnophis proximus diabolicus Rossman, 1963 Arid Land Ribbon Snake
Gr. diabolikos devilish — "horns...suggested by forward protuding forked arms of the parietal spots in many individuals"
OD Thamnophis proximus diabolicus Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 135

Thamnophis proximus orarius Rossman, 1963 Gulf Coast Ribbon Snake
L. orarius of the coast — "this race lives along the coast"
OD Thamnophis proximus orarius Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 132

Thamnophis proximus proximus (Say, 1823) Western Ribbon Snake
L. proximus next, nearest —
OD Thamnophis proximus (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 187

Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus Rossman, 1963 Redstripe Ribbon Snake
L. rubra red and L. lineatus lined — "refers to the bright red vertebral stripe which characterizes this subspecies"
OD Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 134

Thamnophis radix (Baird and Girard, 1853) Plains Garter Snake
L. radix root — poss. ref. Root River near Racine WI
OD Thamnophis radix (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 34

Thamnophis radix haydenii (Kennicott, 1860) [:x]
NL honors Ferdinand V. Hayden
OD Thamnophis radix haydenii (Kennicott, 1860) - in Cooper, Expl. Surv. R. R. Miss. Pacific, Vol. 12, Book 2, Pt. 3, No. 4, p. 298, pl. 14

Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Cope, 1875) Narrowhead Garter Snake
L. rufus reddish and L. punctatus spotted — ref. six rows of small alternating bright rufous or orange spots
OD Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Cope, 1875) - in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 544

Thamnophis sauritus (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Ribbon Snake
NL sauritus lizard-like —
OD Thamnophis sauritus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 385

Thamnophis sauritus nitae Rossman, 1963 Bluestripe Ribbon Snake
NL honors Nita J. Rossman
OD Thamnophis sauritus nitae Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 163

Thamnophis sauritus sackenii (Kennicott, 1859) Peninsula Ribbon Snake
NL honors Baron C.R. Osten Sacken
OD Thamnophis sauritus sackenii (Kennicott, 1859) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 98

Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Linnaeus, 1766) Eastern Ribbon Snake
NL sauritus lizard-like —
OD Thamnophis sauritus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 385

Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis Rossman, 1963 Northern Ribbon Snake
L. septentrion north and L. -alis of the — "ref. to the northern distribution of this race in relation to the range of the species."
OD Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis Rossman, 1963 - Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 7, p. 159

Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Garter Snake
NL sirtalis like a garter — prob. ref. to striped pattern
OD Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 222

Thamnophis sirtalis annectans Brown, 1950 Texas Garter Snake
L. annectans connecting — ref. joining the neighboring sub-species
OD Thamnophis sirtalis annectens Brown, 1950 - Annotated Check-list rept. and amph. of Texas, Baylor Univ. Stud., p. 203

Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus (Hallowell, 1852) Red-spotted Garter Snake
L. concinnus well made or neat — ref. colorful pattern
OD Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus (Hallowell, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 182

Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1853) New Mexico Garter Snake
L. dorsalis of the back — ref. conspicuous dorsal stripe
OD Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 31

Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi Fox, 1951 Valley Garter Snake
NL honors Henry Sheldon Fitch
OD Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi Fox, 1951 - Copeia, p. 264

Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (Blainville, 1835) California Red-Sided Garter Snake
L. infernalis of hell —
OD Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 291, pl. 26, fig. 3

Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus Allen, 1899 Maritime Garter Snake
L. pallidula somewhat pale —
OD Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus Allen, 1899 - Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 29, p. 63

Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say, 1823) Red-sided Garter Snake
L. parietalis of a wall — ref. parietal scales
OD Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say, 1823) - in James, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. 1819-1820, Vol. 1, p. 186

Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii (Baird and Girard, 1853) Puget Sound Garter Snake
NL honors Charles Pickering
OD Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii (Baird and Girard, 1853) - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 27

Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus (Cope, 1892) Chicago Garter Snake
L. semi half and L. fasciatus banded — ref. dark transverse marks on forebody
OD Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus (Cope, 1892) - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 14, p. 662

Thamnophis sirtalis similis Rossman, 1965 Bluestripe Garter Snake
L. similis like or similar — ref. likeness to sympatric T. sauritus
OD Thamnophis sirtalis similis Rossman, 1965 - Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., Vol. 27, p. 67

Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Eastern Garter Snake
NL sirtalis like a garter — prob. ref. to striped pattern
OD Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 222

Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia (Cope, 1875)
Gr. tetra four and L. taenia stripes or bands — ref. dorsal color areas
OD Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia (Cope, 1875) - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 546

Thamnophis zaxanthus Boundy, 1999 Diablo Garter Snake
Gr. za good or intensive and Gr. xanthus yellow — ref. "abundance of yellow on the dorsal pattern in contrast to other populations of T. atratus." Boundy, 2002 pers. comm.
OD Thamnophis zaxanthus Boundy, 1999 - Proc. California Acad. Sci. 51:328 [tc]
Trimorphodon Cope, 1861 LYRE SNAKES
Gr. tri three and Gr. morph shape and Gr. odon teeth — ref. 3 tooth shapes in the upper jaw, recurved anterior teeth; the shorter middle teeth and elongate, grooved fangs at the rear.
OD Trimorphodon Cope, 1861 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 13, p. 297

Trimorphodon biscutatus (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) Lyre Snake
L. bis two and L. scutatus plated — ref. doubled loreal plate
OD Trimorphodon biscutatus (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 1153

Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda Cope, 1886 Sonoran Lyre Snake
Gr. lambda letter of Greek alphabet — ref. chevron shaped mark on head
OD Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 286

Trimorphodon biscutatus lyrophanes Cope, 1860 Baja California Lyre Snake
Gr. lyro lyre and Gr. phaneros visible — poss. ref. pattern
OD Trimorphodon biscutatus lyrophanes Cope, 1860 - Probably Proc. Natl. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. c250-350 [nc][tc]

Trimorphodon biscutatus vandenburghi Klauber, 1924 [:x]
NL honors John Van Denburgh
OD Trimorphodon biscutatus vandenburghi Klauber, 1924 - Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego, No. 1, p. 17

Trimorphodon biscutatus vilkinsonii Cope, 1886 Texas Lyre Snake
NL honors Edward Wilkinson
OD Trimorphodon biscutatus vilkinsonii Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 285
Tropidoclonion Cope, 1860 LINED SNAKE
Gr. tropis keel of a ship and Gr. klonion branch or twig —
OD Tropidoclonion Cope, 1860 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, p. 76

Tropidoclonion lineatum (Hallowell, 1856) Lined Snake
L. lineatum marked with lines —
OD Tropidoclonion lineatum (Hallowell, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 241

Tropidoclonion lineatum annectens Ramsey, 1953 [:x]
L. annectens joining —
OD Tropidoclonion lineatum annectens Ramsey, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, p. 12

Tropidoclonion lineatum mertensi Smith, 1965 [:x]
NL honors Robert W. Mertens
OD Tropidoclonion lineatum mertensi Smith, 1965 - J. Ohio Herp. Soc., Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 3

Tropidoclonion lineatum texanum Ramsey, 1953 [:x]
NL belonging to the state of Texas — ref. range
OD Tropidoclonion lineatum texanum Ramsey, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, p. 14
Virginia Baird and Girard, 1853 EARTH SNAKES
NL state of Virginia — no specific reason given. Type specimens are from MD, W.DC and SC
OD Virginia Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 127

Virginia pulchra (Richmond, 1954) Mountain Earth Snake
L. pulchra fair, beautiful — poss. ref. pinkish color
OD Virginia pulchra (Richmond, 1954) - Ann. Carnegie Mus., No. 15, p. 251

Virginia striatula (Linnaeus, 1766) Rough Earth Snake
L. striatus striped and L. -ula little —
OD Virginia striatula (Linnaeus, 1766) - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, p. 375

Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard, 1853 Smooth Earth Snake (nominate subspecies "Eastern Earth Snake")
NL honors Valery Blaney
OD Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard, 1853 - Cat. N. Amer. Rept., Pt. 1, p. 127

Virginia valeriae elegans Kennicott, 1859 Western Earth Snake
L. elegans fine or elegant —
OD Virginia valeriae elegans Kennicott, 1859 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 99

Notes


Scientific names and their etymology is a never ending task in response to continued flux in the taxonomy. In the interest of posting this page as close to my working notes as possible, certain abbreviations have been left in the text to mark areas which need work. Please feel free to contribute by email in reference to any of these notations, realizing that I may have already received a comment similar to yours and have not yet had the chance to update this page.

People who contribute to this page are recognized in the Acknowledgements
This Page
  • covers the scientific names of native North American amphibians and reptiles, north of Mexico, alphabetically within order.
  • lists the original describer and year of description and the original description citation unless noted. If the species is in a different genus than originally described, the name and year are in parenthesis.
  • is a reference and checklist to scientific names and currently accepted common names.
  • retains names not currently accepted due to the fluid nature of taxonomy and as a curiosity of things past.
  • has not been changed in light of Frost, et al.'s reorganization of the amphibians. The original descriptions were incorporated to make updates faster, among other reasons.
Suggestions:
  • Use your browser's Find utility to search individual terms in English, Latin, Greek, coined or Native American languages which describers used to create scientific names.
  • This information is provided as a service to researchers, herpetologists and students of scientific nomenclature. Please browse, but do not print unless you have a real need for a printed copy. The whole document takes more than a full ream of paper and a lot of ink. Updates are continuous; consider archiving before wasting a tree.
Abbreviations
  • TRANS = Working on the translation
  • BIO = Needs biography
  • NCN = Needs common name
  • OD - Original description citation.
    • [nc] = "need citation"
    • [tc] = "to check citation"
  • GR = Greek
  • NGR = New Greek
  • L.= Latin
  • NL = New Latin
  • ref. = refers to/reference to
  • poss. = possible
  • prob. = probable
  • State abbreviations from the United States Postal Service.
  • [:x] = Not currently recognized. The name remains here not to provoke taxonomic arguments but to assist those with older printed sources. The skull and crossbones emoticon means "sunk."
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Translations, Common Names and Original Descriptions

Salamanders . Frogs and Toads . Turtles . Alligators and Crocodiles . Lizards . Snakes
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Ellin Beltz ebeltz@ebeltz.net
September 10, 2007
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